نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشجوی دکتری گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد دامغان، دامغان، ایران.

چکیده

سیاست جایگزین­های حبس به­ عنوان محوری مشترک در پژوهش‌های جرم­شناختی-کیفرشناختی بخلاف ادبیات حقوقیِ جهانی ­شده، در قلمرو حقوق­ کیفری معاصر ایران به نسلی از مجازات­ها اطلاق ­شده که در ظاهر بر نهجِ غلبه داعیه­ی تبدیل، توقف و جایگزینیِ مجازات حبس را دارند. این­ در حالی است که در گفتمان غالب، علمی و جهانی­ شده این تدابیر به شکل انحصاری در مواجه با کیفر حبس معنا و تفسیر نمی­شوند. به طور حتم، تحلیل و تعلیلِ سیر پیدایش و کیفیت تبیین سیاست یا مجازات­های جایگزین حبس گزاره­ای مهم در تنویر و شفاف­سازی ماهیت و چیستی این تدابیر بوده و می­تواند روندهای ارزشمندی را برای توسعۀ نظری و عملی این اندیشه و عبور از شبهات فراروی آن را معرفی سازد. تحلیل تاریخی در این حوزه با رویکرد کیفی و مضمون­گرایِ ویژۀ خود کمک می­کند که بتوان فهمی صحیح­تر از مبانی و کارکردهای نظام جایگزین­ها در بستر آموزه­های جرم­شناسی تقلیل­گرا و سیاست حداقلی­سازی و کاهش قلمرو حقوق کیفری پی ­برد. پرسش این است که نگرش و رویکرد کلی نظریه‌های کیفرشناختی-جرم­شناختی مطرح­ شده نسبت به این جایگزین­ها بر کدام شالوده­های فکری و علمی مبتنی است؟ و حدود اعتبار، تحویل ­پذیریِ احتمالی و استحقاق بر احتجاج و نقد آن‌ها تاکجاست؟ در این مقاله که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده، این پیش ­فرض مدنظر است که اغلب نظریه‌های مطرح­ شده در حوزۀ جایگزین­های حبس نگرشی همسو با فلسفۀ این تدابیر نداشته و به طور غالب در سطح اصطلاحات و مسلمات حقوقیِ محض گام برداشته و در تحلیل محتوایی آن‌ها اقدام نموده‌اند. یافته­های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اتخاذ رویکردی ترکیبی و چند نهادی که متوجۀ ابعاد حقوقی-تجربی این تدابیر باشد، روش معتبرتری برای ترسیم اضلاع فکری و کارکردشناسانۀ آن‌هاست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Discussion of the Theories Proposed by Shareh in the Realm of Logic and the Nature of Alternatives to Imprisonment

نویسنده [English]

  • Ahmad Mozafari

PhD student, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Alternative Custodial sanctions are a type of leniency policy in which emphasis is placed on avoiding excessive punitive measures, such as imprisonment, and on placing the offender within the community environment for behavioral and normative re-education. In fact, alternative punishments to imprisonment primarily aim to avoid excessive reliance on incarceration, and it is mainly for this reason that they have attracted the attention of lawmakers in various countries under such a Title. The Alternatives to Imprisonment Policy is a Mitigation program that attempts to reduce the quantitative and qualitative Harms of imprisonment for Various Crimes. Of course, this policy not exclusively implemented in the case of imprisonment, but it has been shown in the case of imprisonment more than any other area. At first, we must have a brief understanding of these measures. This understanding helps to overcome the theoretical obstacles to the expansion of these measures. In fact, the policy of alternatives to imprisonment is a common axis in criminological and criminal studies.
Research Objective
The philosophy of alternative punishments is that it is no longer possible, through traditional and classical sanctions, to provide the means for rehabilitating offenders and achieving targeted crime prevention. Therefore, it is necessary, alongside such measures and in order to moderate them, to draw on new approaches and methods within the broader framework of the criminal justice system and to create a space in which legal and judicial transformation and development can be pursued.
Methodology
In terms of intellectual foundations and origins, alternative measures have a clear association with the teachings of reductionist criminology and the policy of minimalization and reduction of the scope of criminal law.
Findings
Today, it is claimed that measures such as requiring convicts to perform community service, pay daily fines, or serve home confinement along with restrictions on traveling to certain areas and place, are among the best forms of punishment—at least for certain categories of offender—as they not only serve the purpose of social defense but also assist in the behavioral rehabilitation of the convict. Therefore, in justifying alternative punishments to imprisonment, it can be argued that such measures possess both legal aspects and multiple criminological functions, primarily aimed at enhancing the quality of the criminal justice system.
Conclusion
From the perspective of representing Iran's punitive policy approach to alternative measures, what is most apparent is that neither all forms of these policies have been fully utilized, nor have the existing regulations in the penal code been able to provide an environment for their maximum implementation. In terms of nature and content, it must be noted that alternative measures should never be construed as an exit from the realm of criminal justice; rather, they are a specific part of it... and should continue to be regarded as a form of punishment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Alternative Punishments
  • Imprisonment
  • Criminal Policy
  • Rehabilitation of Offenders
  • Individualization of Punishment
فارسی
- آشوری، محمد؛ مجازات­های بینابین، چاپ اول، تهران، 1376
- آشوری، محمد؛ جایگاه زندان در سیاست کیفری معاصر، در مجموعه مقالات همایش راهکارهای کاهش جمعیت کیفری، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر میزان، 1386
- جوان جعفری، عبدالرضا و سیدزاده ثانی، سیدمهدی؛ رهنمودهای عملی پیشگیری از جرم سازمان ملل، تهران، نشر میزان، 1391
- کونانی، سلمان و مهدوی ثابت، محمدعلی؛ جرم­شناسی اصلاح و درمان، چاپ دوم، تهران: نشر جامعه شناسان، 1399
- موسوی، احمدرضا؛ مجازات­های اجتماعی در سیاست جنایی ایران، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر مجد، 1394
- محمدیان، فاطمه سادات؛ تحولات سیاست جنایی پیگیرانه، چاپ اول، تهران، نشر نو، 1393.
 
References
-Allan, M, et.al; Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Criminal Law; 8th ed, Oxford:OUP, 2005
- Adamz, D; Criminal Justice and Human rights, second edition, New york, Mcmillan press, 2016
- Andrew, Ashworth; Sentencing and Criminal justice, Fourth edition, Cambridge university press, 2005
- Andrew, a; Sentencing and Criminal justice, Fourth edition, Cambridge university press, 2005
- Cohen, W; Punishment and Human rights in Criminal law, 4th. Ed, New York: Appleton, 2004
- Albraith, M.G; Prison and Prisoners in USA, Third edition, New York: Hamilton publication, 2013
- Erick, p; Criminal policy and Human rights, second edition, London, sage publication, 2012
- Estiven, S; New Zones in Criminal Law, third edition, London: London university press, 2016
- Eliot, A; The Challenge of Essential rights and Criminal Law, New York; Hamilton press, 2013
- Pratt, J; Punishment and Modern Society, in Gregory, D; Crime and punishment in 21Century, London, Mcmillan press, 2016
- Havard, E.M; Criminal law and Criminal Justice, first edition, Oxford: oxford university press, 2018
- James, S.H; criminal law in UK, first edition, london, 2007
- Jeningson, M.T; Criminal law and society, second edition, london: nb press, 2002
-Newman, O; Restorative justice and New Zones in Criminal law, Third edition,Washington: Police press, 2013
- Milbrini, S; Criminal law and Criminal justice, Sidney, abm publication, 2018
- Martin, D; Criminal Law and Critical Opinion, London: more-nlb publication, 1998
- Smith, A; Penal policy in Britain, second edition, London, mcmore publication, 2009
- Shery, B; Crime and Punishment: An Introduction, seventeen editions, Toronto: RC-Inc press, 2019
- Sanders, N; Crime and punishment: an historical introduction, Oxford university press, 2015
- Roblin, C.R; The methods of Crime prevention, London: Routledge, 2009
- Rubington, Earl & Martin. S, Weinberg; The study of social problems, 5th.ed, New York: oxford university press, 1995
- Thomas, E; Public Orders in Modern Criminology, London: London university press, 2006
- Waith, R, et.al; Crime and Criminology, London: Sage publication, 2018
- White, C.M; Criminology and pursuit of Social justice, Issues in Social Criminology, first edition, London: Willan publishing, 2007.
 
Translated References into English
 
Ashori, Mohamad; intermediate Punishments, first edition, Tehran,1376 [In Persian].
Ashori, Mohamad; The place of prison in Contemporary Criminal Policy, in Articles of the Conference on reducing the Criminal Population, first edition, Tehran, 1386 [In Persian].
Javan Jafary, abdoreza, et.al; United Nations crime prevention Guidlines, first edition, Tehran, 1391 [In Persian].
Konani, Salman and Mahdavi sabet, Mohamadali; Correctional Criminology, second edition, 1400 [In Persian].
Mosavi, Ahmadreza; Social punishments in Iranian criminal policy, first edition, Tehran [In Persian].
-Mohamadiyan, Ftemeh; Developments of preventive criminal policy, first edition, Tehran, 1393. [In Persian].