نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکترای حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران،تهران،ایران
2 دکترای حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
چکیده
امروزه حق بر محیط زیست سالم در پرتو حقوق بنیادینی چون حق حیات، در بسیاری از نظام‌های حقوقی و اسناد بین‌المللی به رسمیت شناخته شده است و اهمیت توجه و پاسداری از آن بر کسی پوشیده نیست. اما این سوال مطرح است که آیا پاسداری از هر گونه حق ارزشمند و بنیادین، توجیه‌کننده مداخله کیفری و توسل به ضمانت‌‍اجراهای کیفری در پاسخ به نقض آن می‌باشد یا آنکه رفتارها و اقدامات علیه محیط زیست نیز از لزوم توجیه ایجابی و سلبی مداخله کیفری و جرم‌انگاری مستثنی نبوده و قانونگذار برای ورود به این حوزه نیز مستلزم تبیین اقدام خویش بر اساس مبانی جرم‌انگاری خواهد بود و چنانچه پاسخ به این پرسش مثبت باشد، آیا پیروی از همان مبانی رایج و سنتی جرم‌انگاری نظیر اصل ضرر در حمایت از این حق کافی خواهد بود یا آنکه برخی مفاهیم آن نیازمند بازنگری به مفهوم عدم اکتفا به ضرر عملی و توسعه این مفهوم به خطر ایراد ضرر می‌باشد. در این پژوهش تلاش شده تا در راستای پاسخ به همین پرسش‌ها، به شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی رویکرد قانونگذار داخلی در جرم‌انگاری در پرتو اصل ضرر و تحولات مفهومی این اصل در حوزه محیط زیست بررسی شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The basis of criminalization of environmental crimes in Iran with emphasis on the principle of harm and its developments
نویسندگان [English]
- shirin bayat 1
- yazdan seyghal 2
1 Ph.D. in criminal law and criminology, University of Tehran,Tehran,Iran
2 Ph.D. in criminal law and criminology, university of Shahid Beheshti,
چکیده [English]
the right to a healthy environment in the light of fundamental rights such as the right to life has been recognized in many legal systems and international instruments now, and the importance of paying attention and protecting it is not hidden from anyone.Today, protecting the environment and preserving its health has become one of the main goals of the global community, so that pursuing this goal has been reflected in the basic laws of more than 110 countries of the world as a fundamental right to enjoy a healthy environment or the necessity of protecting the environment. This aim is not exclusive to domestic legislative measures and several international instruments have put the pursuit of this goal on their agenda. In the meantime, the Iran legislator has not stayed away from this field and has supported this important issue through numerous legislative measures. Since the beginning of the Islamic revolution, the right to enjoy a healthy environment has been reflected in the 50th principle of the constitution, and supporting it has been considered a public mission. In order to perform of this public obligation, the domestic legislator has resorted to several legislative measures, which in some areas, by acknowledging the inefficiency of administrative and civil enforcement in protecting the environment and preventing actions against it, these measures have taken on a criminal and punitive face that creates an important question in the mind,although protecting the environment, either because of its intrinsic value or for the purpose of human enjoyment, is a valuable and desirable goal, but is the protection of a valuable goal enough to justify criminal intervention? Since criminalization is the boundary that determines the realm of prohibited behavior from the realm of individual freedoms, and undoubtedly, any criminal intervention in the form of criminalization and sentencing is considered a restriction on individual rights and freedoms, therefore, any action to limit the freedom of individuals in the form of criminalization, it requires reason and justification. With these explanations, governments must follow specific patterns and foundations in order to justify and legitimize their legislative actions in the way of criminalizing some of the citizens' behaviors. In this article, an attempt has been made to determine which one of the bases of criminalization has been taken into account by Iran's legislator in criminalizing behaviors related to the environment among the numerous domestic laws in the field of environment. To answer to this question, first is referred to one of the most important bases of criminalization in criminal systems, namely the principle of harm. John Stuart Mill, in an article titled about liberty, says: The only purpose for which power can be exercised over individual members of a civilized society against their will is to prevent harm to another. According to his belief, no person can be punished for committing a behavior that does not harm anyone. This, manifested in the principle of harm, is the most powerful principle in the liberal model of criminalization.
It seems that the criterion of John Stuart Mill in defining the harm and determining its extent is the violation of those rules whose existence is necessary for the survival of the society and in fact harms the vital interests of others; However, according to this definition, several questions are raised regarding environmental crimes, firstly, in order to convict someone, his/her behavior must cause damage to the vital interests of the environment, or whether the relevant behavior involves the risk of damage or harm to the environment. In response to this question, it should be said that monopolization of the principle of harm as actual and practical damage to environmental interests, ignores many behaviors that threaten the environment and cannot be effective in supporting it.
In the post-modern society of the 21st century, which is also known as the risky society, the principle of caution is associated with the need to strengthen rational and far-sighted thinking and avoid risk, intentionally or unintentionally, it has been brought to the attention of criminal legislators, especially in important and vulnerable areas such as the environment. And it has caused changes in the concept of harm. The development of the concept of the harm principle in the American Feinberg theory is interpreted in the form that the harm principle does not include only those behaviors that are inherently harmful; But it has a wider scope which is mentioned in this article under the title of real and abstract endangerment.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Environment
- Criminalization
- Principle of Harm
- Risk of Causing Harm
- Endangerment
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