نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• وحید بازوند ¹
• فرید محسنی ²

¹ دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران.

² استاد حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

جوامع عشایری ایران، به دلیل برخورداری از ساختارهای سنتی، شبکه‌های خویشاوندی متراکم و نظام هنجاری مبتنی بر تعلقات طایفه‌ای، در برخی موارد بستر مساعدی برای بروز خشونت‌های شدید، نزاع‌های حیثیتی و بازتولید چرخه‌های انتقام‌جویانه فراهم می‌آورند. این وضعیت که متأثر از ضعف یا ناکارآمدی برخی سازوکارهای رسمی حل‌وفصل منازعه، کاهش کارآمدی هنجارهای حقوقی رسمی و غلبه قواعد و ارزش‌های عرفی محلی است، چالشی مضاعف فراروی نظام عدالت کیفری در تحقق کارکردهای پیشگیرانه و تأمین عدالت مؤثر ایجاد کرده است. با این حال، ظرفیت‌هایی همچون نفوذ و مرجعیت ریش‌سفیدان، سنت‌های میانجی‌گرایانه، سازوکارهای صلح و سازش محلی و نظام کنترل اجتماعی غیررسمی، در صورت هدایت و سازمان‌دهی هدفمند، می‌توانند نقش مؤثری در مهار خشونت‌های مجرمانه و کاهش تنش‌های اجتماعی ایفاء کنند. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با اتکا بر منابع اسنادی، مبانی جرم‌شناسی، جامعه‌شناسی بومی و آموزه‌های عدالت ترمیمی، درصدد ارائه الگویی تلفیقی برای پیشگیری و کنترل جرایم خشن در زیست‌بوم‌های عشیره‌ای است. هدف اصلی پژوهش، تبیین و طراحی سیاستی کیفری مبتنی بر هم‌افزایی و تعامل میان عدالت رسمی و سازوکارهای بومی حل اختلاف، در راستای مهار خشونت‌های ساختاریافته و ارتقای بازدارندگی اجتماعی است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد تعامل سازنده میان دو نظام عدالت رسمی و غیررسمی بومی‌محور از طریق تقویت مشارکت محلی، بهره‌گیری از نقش و نفوذ ریش‌سفیدان، به‌کارگیری ضابطان متخصص غیربومی، تسریع در فرایندهای قضایی و تقویت اعتماد عمومی، می‌تواند به ارتقای مشروعیت، مقبولیت و کارآمدی عدالت کیفری در مناطق عشایری منجر شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• جرایم خشن
• جوامع عشایری
• عدالت کیفری بومی‌گرا
• پیشگیری از جرم
• میانجی‌گری سنتی
• هم‌افزایی عدالت رسمی و غیررسمی

موضوعات

• حقوق کیفری و جرم شناسی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Synergy Between Formal and Indigenous Justice in Controlling Violent Crime

نویسندگان [English]

• Vahid Bazvand ¹
• Farid Mohseni ²

¹ PhD, Department of criminal law and criminology, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran.

² Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, University of Criminology of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Problem and Background
Iranian nomadic communities, owing to their traditional social structures, tightly knit kinship networks, and strong clan-based norms, may in some circumstances become settings in which severe violence, honor-based conflicts, and retaliatory cycles are reproduced and normalized. In these environments, violent conduct is not always experienced or interpreted as a purely individual act; rather, it is often embedded in a broader matrix of collective identity, lineage-based solidarity, symbolic honor, and locally accepted mechanisms of conflict management. At the same time, the official criminal statistics and the internal research reviewed in the article indicate that violent incidents, group conflicts, and honor-related disputes remain a serious concern in areas with stronger tribal structures. This condition creates a dual challenge for criminal justice. On the one hand, formal justice institutions must respond to violence, protect victims, and preserve public order. On the other hand, their responses may become ineffective or even counterproductive when they are detached from the cultural and social realities of tribal life. As a result, criminal policy in these settings cannot rely solely on abstract legal uniformity or punitive severity; it must also confront the culturally embedded nature of violence and the specific mechanisms through which tribal solidarity, honor, and informal authority shape conflict.
Purpose
The article’s main purpose is to develop a theoretically grounded and context-sensitive framework for the prevention and control of violent crime in tribal and nomadic settings through the synergy of formal justice and indigenous justice. Rather than treating these two systems as mutually exclusive, the study argues that they should be understood as potentially complementary. Formal justice provides legal authority, procedural safeguards, institutional legitimacy, and the capacity to enforce rights; indigenous justice contributes local knowledge, immediate access to conflict parties, social trust, moral influence, and culturally recognized forms of mediation. The article therefore seeks to determine whether a coordinated criminal policy can mobilize legitimate customary capacities without weakening the rule of law, and whether such a model can better prevent violence, contain retaliatory cycles, and restore social peace in nomadic communities. A further objective is to identify the institutional and policy conditions under which courts, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers may cooperate with local mediators and tribal elders while still safeguarding victims’ rights and protecting the integrity of criminal justice.
Methods
The study uses a descriptive-analytical methodology and relies on documentary sources, criminological theories, indigenous sociology, and the principles of criminal law. The research combines doctrinal analysis with a critical reading of official crime data and selected domestic studies on tribal violence, restorative justice, mediation, and informal social control. Within this framework, the article draws on perspectives from social prevention, developmental prevention, cultural criminology, and social control theory in order to interpret violent crime not only as a legal violation, but also as a socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon. This methodological design enables the article to examine both the structural features of nomadic communities and the criminal policy responses adopted by the formal justice system, and to assess the extent to which these responses are aligned with the realities of tribal life. The article also evaluates the legal place of mediation, suspension of prosecution, deferred sentencing, alternative sanctions, and other restorative mechanisms as part of the broader architecture of Iranian criminal procedure.
Findings
The findings indicate that criminal justice in tribal settings is often affected by penal populism, cultural misrecognition, and the limitations of a purely repressive criminal policy. The expansion of mass media and social networks has intensified emotional reactions to criminal incidents and has placed pressure on courts to adopt severe, symbolic, and deterrence-heavy responses. In tribal settings, however, such punitive reactions do not necessarily reduce violence; instead, they may strengthen perceptions of injustice, intensify retaliatory sentiment, and undermine the rehabilitative function of punishment. The article also shows that judicial decision-making in nomadic areas is frequently shaped by urban-centric assumptions, while concepts such as honor, vengeance, kinship loyalty, collective dignity, and local mediation practices are central to social meaning in these communities. When these meanings are ignored, judicial decisions may be perceived as externally imposed and culturally disconnected, thereby weakening compliance and encouraging resistance. At the empirical level, the article notes an upward trend in violent incidents and group conflicts in areas with stronger tribal structures, but it also cautions against treating tribal culture as inherently criminogenic, since the same structures may serve as resources for social control, mediation, and conflict containment when properly supported.
Conclusion
The article concludes that violent crime in nomadic settings requires neither the abandonment of formal criminal justice nor the romanticization of customary norms. The most effective strategy is an institutional balance that preserves rule-of-law values while mobilizing legitimate local capacities. In practical terms, this means strengthening local participation, utilizing the authority and social influence of tribal elders, deploying specialized non-local law enforcement officers to reduce bias and information leakage, expediting judicial proceedings, and integrating mediation and restorative practices into a legally supervised framework. The article argues that such a model can improve public trust, enhance the enforceability of judicial decisions, reduce retaliatory cycles, and increase the overall legitimacy and effectiveness of criminal justice in tribal communities. More broadly, the study contributes to criminal policy by showing that the prevention of violent crime in culturally specific settings depends on a coordinated relationship between institutional legality and indigenous legitimacy, rather than on punitive uniformity alone.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Violent Crimes
• Tribal (Nomadic) Communities
• Indigenous-Oriented Criminal Justice
• Crime Prevention
• Traditional Mediation
• Dual Justice Synergy