Code of Criminal Procedure
Hadi Rostami
Abstract
The criminal procedural may be exposed to the state of collapse by security-oriented policies resulting in suspense of the usual formalities of criminal proceedings and replacing them with emergency-oriented mechanisms. The collapse is due to the emergency of the country's political situation and social ...
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The criminal procedural may be exposed to the state of collapse by security-oriented policies resulting in suspense of the usual formalities of criminal proceedings and replacing them with emergency-oriented mechanisms. The collapse is due to the emergency of the country's political situation and social chaos, which is caused by the protests of a number of citizens against some policies. One of the most important factors of inception of such movement is the expansion of criminal law and maximum interference in people's freedoms and maintenance of political ideology. The Gap between the official norms and accepted values by citizens and insistence of the government to retain the norms via criminal protection of them gradually leads to social crises and civil disobedience. Conservatism, retrogression, standing against social and cultural changes, maintaining the status quo, refraining from fundamental reforms in political and social structures, have no result other than "crisis" and inevitably puts the citizens or a large part of them against the government. One simple solution to quell crisis is to declare the state of emergency and expand powers of the security forces and judicial authorities to arrest, prosecute and adjudicate the cases of protestors rapidly and secretly. The networks of control and supervision on citizens and the power and freedom of action of the police in this situation will be expanded and the logic of confrontation and repression are applied at high level. Due to the crowding of criminal cases in the judicial system as a result of these policies the rules of proceedings and some defense rights are ignored, including the right to have lawyer or the right to public trial, and prompt measures are taken into account due to the government's need to deal quickly and decisively. In such circumstances the guiding principles, especially the presumption and the principle of neutrality, and the government justifies its actions by claiming to maintain order and security of citizens. Summoning and arresting political dissidents without complying with legal frameworks and creating restrictions in cyberspace through filtering social networks and preventing the free flow of information are part of the strategies to deal with the crisis. When the political and social conditions are in an emergency, the fair criminal procedure inevitably collapses, and "extraordinary criminal procedure" prevails, which does not pay attention to the conventional and well-known rules of procedure and is often the product of the will of the political authorities and are dictated in the form of "judicial circulars". Thus, circulars have priority over the law. In this approach, the presumption of guilt is used instead of the principle of innocence, and the accused is treated as a criminal or a convict.The collapse of fair procedures is caused by factors that are mainly related to public strategies and macro policies. Incorrect policies or making wrong decisions regarding some social events and phenomena, legislation without paying attention to the basic needs of the people and ignorance of the political dissidents inevitably aggregate protests and social uprisings. Criminal policies based on arbitrary and baseless criminalization and merely based upon defending and protecting ideology, expanding criminal laws and maximum interference in people's freedoms, as well as the lack of transparency in statutes have unpleasant consequences in long term, and provide confrontation between citizens and policy makers.The substantive and procedural rules on security in the Iranian criminal law indicate that criminal policy makers have ignored some fundamental rights such as the right to choose a lawyer. In addition, following the expansion of the jurisdiction of special courts, which sometimes originates from circular, as well as the increase of the powers of judicial authorities and military forces, they have provided a legal basis for threatening the rights of individuals and the collapse of fair procedures. Holding secret and non-public trails and preventing the communication of court’s decisions are part of these challenges. Adjusting the criminalization and decriminalization of acts that are contrary to the values of citizens or a significant part of them, reforming public policies and avoiding criminal actions that create tension, and saving the criminal justice system from criminal inflation, and most importantly, paying attention to the phenomenon of "generational change" and normative gaps and ideology might be some solutions to prevent the collapse of fair criminal procedure. The Recognition of protests, changing policies and decriminalizing behaviors that have only an ideological aspect, removal of rights-threatening processes, accountability and prescribing discourse instead of criminal threats can prevent the criminal process from collapse.
Amir hossein Rahgosha; Yousef Niknam; Mehdi Hooshyar
Abstract
Exclusionary rule has been accepted in different legal systems and has not been clearly accepted in Iranian legal system. this rule can be justified both on the basis of individualism thinking and in the idea of collectivism. In the first approach, the goal is to further protect the accused and guarantee ...
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Exclusionary rule has been accepted in different legal systems and has not been clearly accepted in Iranian legal system. this rule can be justified both on the basis of individualism thinking and in the idea of collectivism. In the first approach, the goal is to further protect the accused and guarantee his human and individual rights, in the second approach, the goal is to improve the quality of the trial and the performance of the judicial system. Studies show that the dominant approach in Iranian law, as well as in many other individualistic legal systems, has been the reason for the exclusionary rule. the changes that have taken place in the legal system have caused the ideological foundations of this rule to change and society to thinking be in the center of attention rather than the individual, which in turn raises the status of the judiciary and, in other words, increases legitimacy. This study was conducted with a comparative study in the USA and Iranian legal system and the result is the confirmation of the rise of both legal systems to collectivist thinking as the basis for identifying exclusionary rule and attention to social feedback on the performance of the judiciary.
hassanali moazenzadegan; hossein gholami; cyrus zarghami
Abstract
Considering the importance and effects of pretrial detention in Iran and the United States, it is important to consider the need for fair trial in this regard. In this article, in order to examine the fairness of the pretrial detention in these two countries, the presumption of innocence and equality ...
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Considering the importance and effects of pretrial detention in Iran and the United States, it is important to consider the need for fair trial in this regard. In this article, in order to examine the fairness of the pretrial detention in these two countries, the presumption of innocence and equality of arms are considered as two essential principles for a fair trial as a basis. The examination of the presumption of innocence shows that the defendant's detention is not consistent with this principle, therefore, in both countries, measures such as limiting the issuance of a proceeding, the right to compensation and the right of appeal are anticipated. The study of the principle of equality of arms in this case shows that the detention of the accused is not consistent with the principle, Especially in Iran, where prosecutors can sometimes order pretrial detention. In American law, the judge who is neutral can issue this order. In both countries, there is a right of access to a lawyer in order to strengthen the defense rights of the accused at the time of his detention.
Gholamreza Gholipour; Nasrin Mehra
Abstract
Abstract The right to fair trial is one of the fundamental human rights of humankind. Hence, this right has been now among constitutional norms and in the constitution of some countries it has been subject to constitutionalization. From a historical viewpoint, What important is the Mashruteh Constitution ...
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Abstract The right to fair trial is one of the fundamental human rights of humankind. Hence, this right has been now among constitutional norms and in the constitution of some countries it has been subject to constitutionalization. From a historical viewpoint, What important is the Mashruteh Constitution approach to fair trial, as a first constitution of Iran. The main question is that the drafters of this Act, what approach have to fair trial? This paper shows that drafters of Mashruteh Constitution and its complement (Motammem) dealt with “judicial security” and therefore recognized and constitutionalized a set of principles of fair trial such as legality, judiciality, privacy, judicial independence, access to justice, prohibition of unlawful arrest, etc. However, some other important principles such as presumption of innocence, access to a lawyer, prohibition of torture and etc were neglected. As a result, it can be concluded that the Mashruteh Constitution constitutionalized an incomplete version of fair trial.
ali afrasiabi; adel sarikhani
Volume 3, Issue 11 , June 2015, , Pages 63-83
Abstract
According European Court of Human rights interpretation on section 6 of European convention of fundamental rights, “penal realm” interred legal texts. In light of this legal institution, hearing process of offences naturally have penal sanctions must be done in observance of fair trial requirements. ...
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According European Court of Human rights interpretation on section 6 of European convention of fundamental rights, “penal realm” interred legal texts. In light of this legal institution, hearing process of offences naturally have penal sanctions must be done in observance of fair trial requirements. This paper attempt to answer two questions: which Police disciplinary offenses can inter penal realm? Is process of hearings in semi judicial commissions in police Organization accord whit fair trial requirements? This Research firstly considers penal realm criteria and kinds of disciplinary sanctions in Police organization to identify which sanctions included in penal realm. After identifying offenses included in penal realm, the Paper considers hearing process of Police disciplinary commissions to answer second question and identify defects current in provisions and practices. In next game through identifying conditions of current situation, the Paper gives resolution to achieve good situation. Paper findings identify 10 disciplinary offences can be categorized in penal realm and hearing process of these offences must be done with consideration of fair trial requirements. In current provisions and practices, impartiality of hearing entity and defensive right of suspect extremely violated. In order to achieve good model, that is necessary amendment of provisions and executive practices to enhance defensive rights and create impartial hearing entity for proceeding offenses that police staffs suspect commit them.
Muhammad Farajiha; Jamshid Gholamlou
Volume 3, Issue 8 , October 2014, , Pages 63-86
Abstract
Wrongful conviction of the innocent is a type of miscarriage of justice. Thus, the perspective that believes these two concepts are equivalent is false. Innocence can be actual or legal. The actual innocent is who does not commit the crime. The legal innocent is who commit a crime but his/her conviction ...
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Wrongful conviction of the innocent is a type of miscarriage of justice. Thus, the perspective that believes these two concepts are equivalent is false. Innocence can be actual or legal. The actual innocent is who does not commit the crime. The legal innocent is who commit a crime but his/her conviction was achieved through a violation of due process/fair trial. Despite some advantages of this division, it is somewhat misleading. Because, in practice, in many cases legal and actual innocence overlap each other. For example, researchers who provide this division, include insufficient evidence as a procedural error, not substantive. While, normally, an accused be wrongly convicted when there is no enough evidences. Actually, the criminal justice system ignores presumption of innocence. Despite disagreements, most researchers have applied actual concept of innocent and objective criteria in determining innocence in their studies.
Abdoulali Tavajohi; Ali Dehghani
Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2013, , Pages 7-34
Abstract
Providing security has been the first aim of the governments— eitherauthoritarian or democratic. Nevertheless, security is such an interpretableword that it sometimes results in different kinds of misinterpretations.Securing this vital element in society needs to be dealt with as a whole andkeep ...
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Providing security has been the first aim of the governments— eitherauthoritarian or democratic. Nevertheless, security is such an interpretableword that it sometimes results in different kinds of misinterpretations.Securing this vital element in society needs to be dealt with as a whole andkeep the government approach away. In the absence of this view, themeaning of security will be assumed as a state security and every action suchas ignoring the fair trial and criminal procedure rules would be justified. Inthis essay, the encounter of the "security-approach" and the well-knownrules of criminal procedure and fair trial will be studied in the light of overviewing one verdict of administrative justice tribunal.
