Criminal Sociology
Sina mahdavi damghani; Abdolreza javan jafari; seyyed mohammad javad sadati
Abstract
The increase in violence among teenagers and young people is one of the basic problems of today's societies. One of the obvious results of the increase in violence is a significant increase in the rate of committing violent crimes, which itself leads to major problems in various economic, social and ...
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The increase in violence among teenagers and young people is one of the basic problems of today's societies. One of the obvious results of the increase in violence is a significant increase in the rate of committing violent crimes, which itself leads to major problems in various economic, social and cultural fields. This descriptive-correlation research has been conducted with the aim of investigating effects of four variables: grade point average, ethnicity, economic ability and physical situations on the subculture of violence among teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad city. The sample size of the research was determined using Cochran test of 170 people, and data collection was done in both library and field methods. According to results of research, there is significant relationship between variables of: average of education, ethnicity, and economic ability with the subculture of violence among samples, but we didn't find a significant relationship between physical situation of samples and their subculture of violence. Also, in this article we have tried to divide the different effective variable on abnormality into the two general categories and based on the field findings of this research explain how the affecting of these two categories.Key words: Ethnicity, Academic average, the subculture of violence, Economic status, Physical situation Introduction:Violence is recognized as a manifestation of deviance in contemporary civilized and advanced societies. This phenomenon of deviance is significantly expanding in today's world, with a noticeable increase in the rates of violent crimes such as conflicts, assaults, violent thefts, etc. According to statistics, interviews, and reports from official sources, the rate of violent crimes has reached a significantly high level in recent years, showing a considerable increase compared to the past. This high rate becomes particularly concerning when accompanied by the participation of adolescents and young people.Interestingly, based on numerous national and international reports, the rate of delinquency among adolescents and youth has consistently shown an increasing trend in recent decades. Various factors such as age, economic status, ethnicity, residential environment, cultural background, peer groups, family attachment, etc., influence the normative situation of individuals. In this present study, we intend to investigate the impact of four variables: ethnicity, economic status, academic performance, and physical condition of adolescents and young people on their subcultural violence.It is worth mentioning that each of the mentioned variables has been extensively examined by many scholars, and their various effects on deviance have been explained in different theories. However, it is noteworthy that most theories focus on one or a few factors, attempting to explain and describe the causes of deviance from the perspective of those factors. Although these factors are influential in the normative situation of individuals, none of them is the sole determining factor. Many individuals exhibit deviant behavior despite possessing these factors.Humans are complex beings, and their various behaviors are influenced by multiple factors. Therefore, theories that solely focus on one or a few limited aspects and variables lack the necessary capability to fully explain the causes of deviance. To better understand and explain the causes of deviance, it is necessary to develop and utilize integrated theories.Methodology:The research population of this study includes adolescent and young wrestlers in the city of Mashhad. Data collection was conducted through both library research and fieldwork. Relevant sections regarding the foundations and theoretical background were referred to library sources such as books, theses, and related articles. Additionally, to gather analyzable data, we used two data collection methods: observation and questionnaires.The research sampling method was a multi-stage cluster sampling, and sports clubs and athletes were randomly selected. The Cochran test was used to determine and select the required number of athletes. Based on this, 170 questionnaires were distributed and collected among the research population, and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software.Result and Discussion:Based on the research findings, there was no significant relationship between the physical condition of the samples and their violence. However, statistical tests revealed a significant inverse relationship between the academic performance of the samples and their violence. Therefore, it can be stated that with an increase in academic performance, a decrease in violence is observed, and with a decrease in academic performance, an increase in violence is observed. Additionally, based on the data, it must be acknowledged that there is a direct and significant relationship between the economic status of the samples and their violence. In other words, an increase in the economic power of the samples is associated with an increase in their violence, and a decrease in economic power is associated with a decrease in their violence. Finally, regarding the ethnicity variable, the analysis of research data indicates a significant relationship between non-Persian ethnicity and high levels of violence. The research findings also demonstrate that non-Persian samples have higher average economic power and subcultural violence compared to Persian samples.In general, when examining different samples of the research, it is understood that adolescents and young people who have a strong tendency towards violence are usually non-Persian and have higher economic power than other samples. This statement contradicts the assumption that unfavorable economic conditions and poverty are effective factors in deviance. To explain this, it should be noted that the spectrum of violence reflected in the questionnaire is mostly related to criminal acts, rape, or offenses that, if committed, lead to consequences such as punishment and deprivation for the perpetrators. It is evident that individuals with higher economic power can tolerate higher levels of deprivation, and therefore, punishment against them will have less deterrent effect. This fact makes individuals with a violent mindset and higher economic power less deterred in similar situations.Apart from the stated content, we can see many individuals with similar characteristics have not had a similar approach to violence and deviance. Observing this spectrum of individuals raises the question of why individuals with similar characteristics do not commit similar acts of deviance and do not have the same inclination towards deviance. To answer this question, one must become familiar with the concepts of fundamental and surficial components influencing deviance.The concept of "fundamental components" in this research refers to the cultural status of individuals, meaning the norms, values, and beliefs accepted by them. On the other hand, "surficial components" refer to other external factors and components that affect an individual's status from outside the individual, including economic capacity, educational status, physical condition, peer groups, ethnicity, social environment, and other environmental factors.In general, surficial components have dual effects, meaning they may enhance and intensify deviant behavior in one area and weaken or reduce the commission of deviance in another area. According to the research findings, surficial components can lead to changes or stability in fundamental components. Fundamental components, in turn, can be influential in the selection and strengthening or non-selection and non-strengthening of surficial components. This implies that individuals with different cultures and mental values may react differently to various factors in their environment.Ultimately, through the interaction between surficial and fundamental components, different effects are created on the intensity and weakness of various behaviors. For example, economic wealth as a surficial component can have different effects on individuals with different mental beliefs. In individuals with deviant mental culture, the presence of economic wealth may be a factor in intensifying the commission of deviant acts. Meanwhile, in individuals from the same culture, a decrease in economic capacity may result in a reduction in the commission of deviant acts by them. At the same time, the presence of this component in a person with appropriate culture may intensify their benevolent actions.From the analysis of the research and summarizing the stated content, it can be concluded that although the cause of social deviations is not unitary and definitive, and these deviations result from the combination and accumulation of various factors in an individual, it seems that cultural components have a significant impact on determining social behaviors. Surficial components that do not lead to a change in individuals' mental culture may not be effective in their behavioral domain.Conclusion:According to the research findings, social and external variables such as academic performance, ethnicity, and economic power had a significant and strong relationship with the cultural status of the samples. However, the physical condition of the samples, as a personal and individual variable, did not have a significant relationship with their cultural status.
Criminal Sociology
Amir Khademi; seyyed mohammad javad Sadati; Abdolreza Javan jafari
Abstract
During the deliberations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding the Bill of Hudud and Qisas and the possibility of handing over its approval to the Judicial Commission, Mr. Mohammad Fazel said: "Is it really necessary for us to send this bill to the Commission?" How many years will it be implemented ...
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During the deliberations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding the Bill of Hudud and Qisas and the possibility of handing over its approval to the Judicial Commission, Mr. Mohammad Fazel said: "Is it really necessary for us to send this bill to the Commission?" How many years will it be implemented on a trial basis? There is also this Shariah doubt that God's decrees can be put to the test and see for how many years whether God's decree is applicable or not? Later, we will vote that God's decree is applicable and extend it or say that it is not applicable."About four decades later, at the opposite point of the aforementioned statements, during the negotiations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly for the approval of the law to reduce the punishment of imprisonment, on November 14, 2018, the 380th meeting; Mr. Haji Deligani said: "It seems that there was no opportunity to know how the opinions of experts, honorable judges, and sociologists regarding the effects of this resolution on crime issues in society can have an effect and cause it to decrease or increase. From that side, there was no opportunity to get the lawyers & jurists opinion."What said were two different images of the criminal discourse regarding crimes that existed several decades apart from each other. The first image, which uses the expression "God's commandments" regarding the law of "Hudud and Qisas and its regulations", reflects the sinfully discourse. Sinfully discourse presents a holy image of crime by making a deep connection between crime and sin and portrays crime as a conflict with God's will. On the other hand, the second image reveals the weakening of the sinfully discourse and a significant trend towards the technical discourse regarding the crime. In the technical discourse, the sacred and meta-experiential image of crime becomes a material image, during which delinquency is considered as a behavior in violation of the existing social order and a symbol of disrespect for society's values. The criminalization process takes place in the technical discourse with an emphasis on scientific foundations. The second image, which deals with criminological issues and reducing or increasing crime, is a symbol of technical discourse.During this transformation, the readings of punishment also changed significantly. In the sinfully discourse, punishment was considered as a reaction for the restoration of the divine will. But in the technical discourse, punishment is portrayed as a bureaucratic response to the delinquent behavior of the criminal. The transition to technical discourse caused Sharia punishments in the law, such as Hudud, to be significantly transformed and replaced by other punishments in some cases. from now on, committing many crimes in the eyes of the society, violation of sacred values and punishment is not considered a symbol of God's will and therefore the social acceptability of Sharia punishments such as "stoning" has decreased significantly.Also, in the cases of committing a crime, the criminal is no longer recognized as a violator of divine values, so that a strict criminal policy can be used in his case. Rather, in today's era, a criminal is often recognized as a person who should be subjected to corrective and rehabilitative measures. How to decipher the transition from the sinfully discourse to the technical discourse regarding the crime? How can we evaluate the reproduction of sinfully discourse in the first decade of the revolution and its transition to technical discourse in the next four decades? How can we analyze the association of the society with the sinfully discourse in the first decade of the Islamic revolution and its turning away from the said discourse after a few decades?To answer the above questions, we can discuss and investigate from different aspects. Among them, relying on philosophical and technical theories in the field of criminal law, he found the reason for the significant transition from the sinfully discourse to the technical discourse. For example, in the technical field of criminal law, by emphasizing new criminological findings, it can be revealed that the thinking of legal elites, especially in the field of criminological theories, has a significant impact on the evolution of laws and criminal discourse. in such a way that, the elites' depiction of the criminal as a patient deserving of treatment and their emphasis on the need to apply effective punishments in his reformation caused a significant tendency towards technical discourse. Also, by taking the path of philosophical studies, the effect of deterrence-based theories can be considered effective in the aforementioned transition, or it can be done by revealing the role of scientific foundations and reflecting it in law. Despite the valuableness of the aforementioned analyses, the upcoming research will examine the answers to the above questions with an emphasis on the perception of "cognitive society" from two perspectives of power and society. In this regard, from the perspective of power in the framework of sociological perceptions, we will analyze the phenomenon of sinfully discourse and the transition from it to technical discourse from the perspective of transformation in "social control methods" and the theory of "ideology and the state's ideological apparatuses". did Also, from the perspective of the society in the perceptive framework of the sociology of culture, we explain the phenomenon of the mentioned discourse and the significant trend towards the technical discourse by relying on the changes in the "ritual and social dimension of religion".Thus, in the first step, this research will explain the reason for the reproduction of the sinfully discourse regarding crimes. In this case, it becomes clear that from the point of view of power, the effort to promote the cultural system considered by the religious traditionalist power and the beginning of the process of de-bureaucracy in the first decade of the revolution caused the appearance of sinfully discourse regarding crimes. From the society's point of view, the prominent role of religion in the social life made the sinfully discourse towards crimes to be evident. In the next step, the bureaucratization of power and the reduction of the social dimension of religious values caused a significant trend towards technical discourse.Finally, it should be pointed out that dealing with the issue of the transition from the sinfully discourse to the technical discourse regarding crimes from a sociological point of view, never means ignoring other effective factors in the transition of the said discourse, such as the thinking of legal elites, reflection Scientific bases in the laws or the impact of international documents are not binding
Criminal Sociology
fatemeh hosseini; Marzieh Mohamadi
Abstract
Juvenile delinquent" refers to a person who is legally capable of committing a crime and has the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Juvenile delinquency is a growing concern that requires therapeutic and supportive intervention models rather than a punitive approach The rehabilitation and correction ...
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Juvenile delinquent" refers to a person who is legally capable of committing a crime and has the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Juvenile delinquency is a growing concern that requires therapeutic and supportive intervention models rather than a punitive approach The rehabilitation and correction of juvenile delinquents requires individual and community-oriented correctional laws with high executive guarantee, trained people and restorative proceedings. Otherwise, not only will the repetition of the crime be prevented, but it will help to speed up the return of this teenager to the justice system. The present research, by examining the lived experience of the delinquents juveniles in the judicial process, tried to highlight the issues of juveniles and the way the judicial system behaves in dealing with them. Investigating the lived experience of teenagers in the judicial process and the pathology of juvenile proceedings. Because it is important from a scientific and professional point of view for the field of social work. Due to the existence of various laws regarding the intervention of social workers in the process of juvenile delinquent proceedings, it is necessary for social workers to know the status of juvenile proceedings, and this research is effective in helping the society and the judicial system in order to prevent recidivism and empowering juvenile delinquents.The qualitative research method is thematic analysis technique. Thematic analysis was used to describe the trial experience of delinquent teenagers, because thematic analysis is more related to the lived experience and daily life than other existing strategies. This analysis identifies the meaning of human experiences about a phenomenon as described by the participants in the research and provides the possibility to gain a deeper understanding of people's experiences about that phenomenon. Data collection was done through in-depth and unstructured interviews. In order to obtain rich information, the researcher helped each teenager to express their narratives in a calm and safe environment and to tell about their experiences in the process of proceedings from arrest to sentencing. In this research, 16 teenagers were interviewed and the interview process continued until the answers were duplicated. In fact, theoretical saturation was achieved. The method of analyzing these findings is analytical and interpretive. Finally, the aggregation of these findings was analyzed. Data analysis was done in three main steps of coding: open coding, selective coding and axial coding. Findings: In this research, three main categories of inefficiency of the judicial system, helplessness of teenagers and lack of social justice advocacy were found. The ineffectiveness of the judicial system means the lack of institutions such as skilled and committed legal counsel, social workers, and children's police, the lack of social and legal support for teenagers in economic problems related to bail and ransom and getting a lawyer even to help teenagers and their families. In obtaining relevant information, he leads to the confusion of the teenager and the delay of proceedings. The innovation of this research is that the pathology of the judicial process of juveniles in Iran has been investigated from a psycho-social point of view and from the point of view of the stakeholders, i.e. juveniles who are under the law. Conclusion: According to the examination of the experience of teenagers, they are so worried after the trial that they almost always feel anxious. They are afraid that the same thing will happen again and if they fight, they will go to court again. Due to the lack of familiarity with legal issues, teenagers think that as soon as they enter the court, it will be considered a bad record for them and their career and social future will be in danger, they become anxious. This type of proceedings not only does not prevent the teenager from committing the crime again, but also turns him into a helpless person who is prone to all kinds of injuries. Instead of improving its effectiveness as a crime prevention system, this system has degraded and degraded the youth's self-esteem and labeling them, ultimately leading to isolation, social rejection and helplessness of the youth. In fact, a system that aims to reduce recidivism actually puts the teenager on the path to re-offending.
