Criminal law and criminology
morteza arefi; Alireza Ghaderi
Abstract
One of the most concerning emerging crimes in cyberspace is "cyber grooming," which refers to the process by which adults establish contact with children online with the intent of engaging in sexual activity or exploitation. Owing to their age, cognitive development, and psychological vulnerability, ...
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One of the most concerning emerging crimes in cyberspace is "cyber grooming," which refers to the process by which adults establish contact with children online with the intent of engaging in sexual activity or exploitation. Owing to their age, cognitive development, and psychological vulnerability, children and adolescents are more susceptible to online threats than other segments of the population. Consequently, effective protection of minors necessitates a targeted and comprehensive criminal policy framework.This article first defines and conceptualizes the phenomenon of cyber grooming. It then explores its root causes at both macro and micro levels, drawing upon data and reports from the Iranian FATA Police. Finally, it examines preventive strategies designed to curb the incidence and impact of this crime, with particular attention to policy measures implemented in the United Kingdom as a practical example of successful intervention.The study is guided by two central research questions: (1) What criminological factors contribute to the commission of cyber grooming? and (2) What preventive strategies can be designed and implemented to combat this growing threat? These questions highlight the theoretical and practical significance of the issue, and underscore the importance of developing informed, evidence-based responses. The structure of the article follows three main sections: conceptualization, etiological analysis (macro and micro), and preventive policy development.In the international context, Article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child obliges member states to protect minors from all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse. In line with this obligation, various countries have introduced legal and policy measures to address the unique risks posed by cyberspace. In Iran, the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents (2020) reflects this commitment. Article 10, paragraph 9, criminalizes cyber sexual solicitation, defined as "establishing contact with a child or adolescent for the purpose of any sexual abuse or illicit sexual intercourse," and subjects the offense to sixth-degree penalties under the Islamic Penal Code.This article emphasizes the interdependence of aetiology and prevention in understanding and addressing cyber grooming. At the macro level, societal factors, technological access, and policy gaps are considered. At the micro level, the individual characteristics of both victims and offenders are analyzed. Criminological theories such as routine activity theory and lifestyle-exposure theory help explain how minors become victims, while rational choice theory, personality disorders, and spatial displacement theory provide insight into offender behavior. The study also explores how children's curiosity about sexual topics and the dynamics of proximity and acceleration contribute to their vulnerability, thereby reinforcing the need for victim-focused prevention.The practical application of criminological theory is central to this study. To that end, the research identifies both situational and social prevention strategies. Situational measures include age restrictions for internet use, issuance of child-specific SIM cards, parental monitoring tools and guidelines, content filtering, and legal restrictions on data collection by internet service providers. On the social prevention side, the article advocates for educational programs tailored for children and families, compulsory media literacy training in schools, parental awareness campaigns, classification of online content by age and gender, and broader initiatives to enhance digital literacy and responsible internet use among minors.By integrating theoretical frameworks with practical policy recommendations, this article aims to contribute to a more effective and protective legal and social environment for children and adolescents navigating cyberspace.
morteza arefi; Mohammad Jafar Habibzadeh; Jalil Omidi; Mohammad Farajiha
Abstract
Realization of social justice is one of the obligations of states. The government promises to citizenships to realize it. Reduction of inequality, income inequality and creation of equal opportunities and facilities are afforded to the government support the poor, prevent from social isolation and criminal ...
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Realization of social justice is one of the obligations of states. The government promises to citizenships to realize it. Reduction of inequality, income inequality and creation of equal opportunities and facilities are afforded to the government support the poor, prevent from social isolation and criminal behaviors. Nowadays, we are seeing that many of the politicians neither proceed in eradication of poverty and elimination of illegal discrimination nor recognition of fundamental human rights. They assume underclass and the poor as threatening of political and social order. Politicization of crime and social ills, dominance of conservative thoughts on political system and hegemony of neoliberal thoughts on economic system, new right criminology and new penology are reasons that create contexts of criminal intervention in the area of poverty and justify the punitive decision-making to the poor. Consequently, in present era the War on Poverty Policy has transformed to the War on the Poor Policy.
