The principle of overall proportionality is the basis for determining proportionate punishment in multiple offences

ZARE, Ebrahim

doi:10.22054/jclr.2022.58707.2274

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Ebrahim ZARE

PhD, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22054/jclr.2022.58707.2274

Abstract

The principle of proportionality is one of the elements of retributive theories.Moreover its application is about the proportionality of the punishment of a crime to the same crime.Crucial question is whether the proportionality of the punishment with those crimes,determining the appropriate punishment for each crime and execution in cases where there are multiple crimes or not?Regarding the proportionality of punishment in various crimes,the criminals have relied on another principle called"overall proportionality"to determine the punishment commensurate with those crimes,which is based on mitigation.Otherwise,we will face an increase in the impunity of punishments.In some cases,the offender is deprived of major part of life and in some cases;people are destroyed as a result of criminal sanctions or it imposes a punishment that is equivalent to the punishment of severe and serious crimes.
Although this principle is supported by intuitive attractions,it will need philosophical convincing justifications.Retributivists who believe in the principle of equal punishment for equal crimes must now provide evidence in order to justify bulk discount in the punishment of multiple offences.The idea of overall proportionality,which is based on the qualitative measurement of harm rather than a quantitative and numerical model,can be a good basis for determining punishment of multiple offences.

Keywords

References

Ashworth, Andrew. (2015). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 6th ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
……………………... (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
………………………. (1995). Principles of Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
……………………… (2011). “Re-Evaluting the Justifications for Aggravation and Mitigation at Sentencing”, In: Julian V. Roberts, Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing, Cambridge University Press.
……………………. (1983). Sentencing and Penal Policy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bottoms, Anthony. (1998), “Five puzzles in von Hirsch’s Theory of Punishment”. In A. Ashworth and M. Wasik, (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory: Essays in Honour of Andrew von Hirsch . Oxford: Clarendon Press .
…………………… (2017). “Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship.
Davis, M. (1983). How to Make the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Duff, A. (2001). Punishment, Communication and Community. NewYork: Oxford.
………. (2005). Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duff, A. Garland, David. (1994), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University press.
Feld, B. C. (2008). “A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole”. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy.
Fletcher, George. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Harris, G. T., T. A. Skilling, and M. E. Rice. (2001). “The Construct of Psychopathy.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James, D. J., and L. E. Glaze. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts and Jesper Ryberg, (2017). “Sentencing the Multiple Offender”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Lacey, Nicola, Pickard, Hanna. (2015). The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems, The Modern Law Review Limited.
Lovegrove, A. (2000). Proportionality, Sentencing and the Multiple Offender. Punishment & Society.
Lippke, R. L. (2011). Social Deprivation as Tempting Fate. Criminal Law & Philosophy.
Mabbott, J. D. (1939). Punishment. Mind, 48.
Mill, J. S.(1991). “Utilitarianism”, in ed. J. Gray, John Stuart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, Norval, Tonry, Michael. (1990). Between Prisona nd Probation:Inter-mediate Punishmentsin a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reitz, K. (2010). “The Illusion of Proportionality: Desert and Repeat Offenders.” In: J. V. Roberts and A. von Hirsch (eds.), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Ryberg, Jesper,(2017). “Retributivism, Multiple Offending and Overall Proportionality”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ryberg, J.(2002), “Higher and Lower Pleasures _ Doubts on Justification”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 5.
Ryberg, Jesper, (2005). Retributivism and Multiple offending, Springer, Res Publica.
Roberts, Julian, de Keijser, Jan W,(2017). “Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender: Diminished Culpability for Related Criminal Conduct”, in: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg. Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Singer, Richard G. (1979). Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Taurek, J. M. (1977). “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs.
Travis, J. (2002). “Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion”. In: M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds.), The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, New York: The New Press.
Tonry, Michael, (2017). “Solving the Multiple-Offense Paradox” In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Vibla, Natalia,(2017). “Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, Andrew,(1985). Past or Future Crime. Deservedness and Dangerousnesss in the Sentencing of Criminals. Rutgers University Press.
……………………… (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment, Crime and Justice, 16, University of Chicago Press.
……………………… ( 1993). Censure and Sanctions, Oxford University Press.
……………………… (2017). “Multiple-Offense Sentencing; Some Additional Thoughts”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, A. and N. Jareborg. (1991). “Gauging Criminal Harm: A Living Standard Analysis.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, Kay A. Knapp, and Michael Tonry. (1987). The Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, and Nils Jareborg. (1987). “Provocation and Culpability.” In Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, edited by Ferdinand F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wasik, Martin, and Taylor. R .D . (1991), Blackston‘s Guide To The Criminal Justice Act 1991, Blackston press.
Wasik, Martin, (1987). "Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record." In: Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines?, edited by Martin Wasik and Ken Pease. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
……………….. (1983). "Excuses at the Sentencing Stage." Criminal Law Review.
Zimring, F. (1998). “Towards A Jurisprudence of Youth Violence.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The

Ashworth, Andrew. (2015). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 6th ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
……………………... (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
………………………. (1995). Principles of Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
……………………… (2011). “Re-Evaluting the Justifications for Aggravation and Mitigation at Sentencing”, In: Julian V. Roberts, Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing, Cambridge University Press.
……………………. (1983). Sentencing and Penal Policy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bottoms, Anthony. (1998), “Five puzzles in von Hirsch’s Theory of Punishment”. In A. Ashworth and M. Wasik, (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory: Essays in Honour of Andrew von Hirsch . Oxford: Clarendon Press .
…………………… (2017). “Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship.
Davis, M. (1983). How to Make the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Duff, A. (2001). Punishment, Communication and Community. NewYork: Oxford.
………. (2005). Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duff, A. Garland, David. (1994), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University press.
Feld, B. C. (2008). “A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole”. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy.
Fletcher, George. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Harris, G. T., T. A. Skilling, and M. E. Rice. (2001). “The Construct of Psychopathy.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James, D. J., and L. E. Glaze. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts and Jesper Ryberg, (2017). “Sentencing the Multiple Offender”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Lacey, Nicola, Pickard, Hanna. (2015). The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems, The Modern Law Review Limited.
Lovegrove, A. (2000). Proportionality, Sentencing and the Multiple Offender. Punishment & Society.
Lippke, R. L. (2011). Social Deprivation as Tempting Fate. Criminal Law & Philosophy.
Mabbott, J. D. (1939). Punishment. Mind, 48.
Mill, J. S.(1991). “Utilitarianism”, in ed. J. Gray, John Stuart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, Norval, Tonry, Michael. (1990). Between Prisona nd Probation:Inter-mediate Punishmentsin a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reitz, K. (2010). “The Illusion of Proportionality: Desert and Repeat Offenders.” In: J. V. Roberts and A. von Hirsch (eds.), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Ryberg, Jesper,(2017). “Retributivism, Multiple Offending and Overall Proportionality”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ryberg, J.(2002), “Higher and Lower Pleasures _ Doubts on Justification”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 5.
Ryberg, Jesper, (2005). Retributivism and Multiple offending, Springer, Res Publica.
Roberts, Julian, de Keijser, Jan W,(2017). “Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender: Diminished Culpability for Related Criminal Conduct”, in: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg. Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Singer, Richard G. (1979). Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Taurek, J. M. (1977). “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs.
Travis, J. (2002). “Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion”. In: M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds.), The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, New York: The New Press.
Tonry, Michael, (2017). “Solving the Multiple-Offense Paradox” In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Vibla, Natalia,(2017). “Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, Andrew,(1985). Past or Future Crime. Deservedness and Dangerousnesss in the Sentencing of Criminals. Rutgers University Press.
……………………… (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment, Crime and Justice, 16, University of Chicago Press.
……………………… ( 1993). Censure and Sanctions, Oxford University Press.
……………………… (2017). “Multiple-Offense Sentencing; Some Additional Thoughts”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, A. and N. Jareborg. (1991). “Gauging Criminal Harm: A Living Standard Analysis.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, Kay A. Knapp, and Michael Tonry. (1987). The Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, and Nils Jareborg. (1987). “Provocation and Culpability.” In Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, edited by Ferdinand F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wasik, Martin, and Taylor. R .D . (1991), Blackston‘s Guide To The Criminal Justice Act 1991, Blackston press.
Wasik, Martin, (1987). "Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record." In: Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines?, edited by Martin Wasik and Ken Pease. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
……………….. (1983). "Excuses at the Sentencing Stage." Criminal Law Review.
Zimring, F. (1998). “Towards A Jurisprudence of Youth Violence.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The

Ashworth, Andrew. (2015). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 6th ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
……………………... (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
………………………. (1995). Principles of Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
……………………… (2011). “Re-Evaluting the Justifications for Aggravation and Mitigation at Sentencing”, In: Julian V. Roberts, Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing, Cambridge University Press.
……………………. (1983). Sentencing and Penal Policy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bottoms, Anthony. (1998), “Five puzzles in von Hirsch’s Theory of Punishment”. In A. Ashworth and M. Wasik, (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory: Essays in Honour of Andrew von Hirsch . Oxford: Clarendon Press .
…………………… (2017). “Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship.
Davis, M. (1983). How to Make the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Duff, A. (2001). Punishment, Communication and Community. NewYork: Oxford.
………. (2005). Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duff, A. Garland, David. (1994), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University press.
Feld, B. C. (2008). “A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole”. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy.
Fletcher, George. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Harris, G. T., T. A. Skilling, and M. E. Rice. (2001). “The Construct of Psychopathy.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James, D. J., and L. E. Glaze. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts and Jesper Ryberg, (2017). “Sentencing the Multiple Offender”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Lacey, Nicola, Pickard, Hanna. (2015). The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems, The Modern Law Review Limited.
Lovegrove, A. (2000). Proportionality, Sentencing and the Multiple Offender. Punishment & Society.
Lippke, R. L. (2011). Social Deprivation as Tempting Fate. Criminal Law & Philosophy.
Mabbott, J. D. (1939). Punishment. Mind, 48.
Mill, J. S.(1991). “Utilitarianism”, in ed. J. Gray, John Stuart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, Norval, Tonry, Michael. (1990). Between Prisona nd Probation:Inter-mediate Punishmentsin a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reitz, K. (2010). “The Illusion of Proportionality: Desert and Repeat Offenders.” In: J. V. Roberts and A. von Hirsch (eds.), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Ryberg, Jesper,(2017). “Retributivism, Multiple Offending and Overall Proportionality”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ryberg, J.(2002), “Higher and Lower Pleasures _ Doubts on Justification”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 5.
Ryberg, Jesper, (2005). Retributivism and Multiple offending, Springer, Res Publica.
Roberts, Julian, de Keijser, Jan W,(2017). “Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender: Diminished Culpability for Related Criminal Conduct”, in: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg. Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Singer, Richard G. (1979). Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Taurek, J. M. (1977). “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs.
Travis, J. (2002). “Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion”. In: M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds.), The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, New York: The New Press.
Tonry, Michael, (2017). “Solving the Multiple-Offense Paradox” In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Vibla, Natalia,(2017). “Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, Andrew,(1985). Past or Future Crime. Deservedness and Dangerousnesss in the Sentencing of Criminals. Rutgers University Press.
……………………… (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment, Crime and Justice, 16, University of Chicago Press.
……………………… ( 1993). Censure and Sanctions, Oxford University Press.
……………………… (2017). “Multiple-Offense Sentencing; Some Additional Thoughts”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, A. and N. Jareborg. (1991). “Gauging Criminal Harm: A Living Standard Analysis.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, Kay A. Knapp, and Michael Tonry. (1987). The Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, and Nils Jareborg. (1987). “Provocation and Culpability.” In Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, edited by Ferdinand F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wasik, Martin, and Taylor. R .D . (1991), Blackston‘s Guide To The Criminal Justice Act 1991, Blackston press.
Wasik, Martin, (1987). "Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record." In: Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines?, edited by Martin Wasik and Ken Pease. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
……………….. (1983). "Excuses at the Sentencing Stage." Criminal Law Review.
Zimring, F. (1998). “Towards A Jurisprudence of Youth Violence.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The

Ashworth, Andrew. (2015). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 6th ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
……………………... (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
………………………. (1995). Principles of Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
……………………… (2011). “Re-Evaluting the Justifications for Aggravation and Mitigation at Sentencing”, In: Julian V. Roberts, Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing, Cambridge University Press.
……………………. (1983). Sentencing and Penal Policy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bottoms, Anthony. (1998), “Five puzzles in von Hirsch’s Theory of Punishment”. In A. Ashworth and M. Wasik, (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory: Essays in Honour of Andrew von Hirsch . Oxford: Clarendon Press .
…………………… (2017). “Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship.
Davis, M. (1983). How to Make the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Duff, A. (2001). Punishment, Communication and Community. NewYork: Oxford.
………. (2005). Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duff, A. Garland, David. (1994), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University press.
Feld, B. C. (2008). “A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole”. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy.
Fletcher, George. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Harris, G. T., T. A. Skilling, and M. E. Rice. (2001). “The Construct of Psychopathy.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James, D. J., and L. E. Glaze. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts and Jesper Ryberg, (2017). “Sentencing the Multiple Offender”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Lacey, Nicola, Pickard, Hanna. (2015). The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems, The Modern Law Review Limited.
Lovegrove, A. (2000). Proportionality, Sentencing and the Multiple Offender. Punishment & Society.
Lippke, R. L. (2011). Social Deprivation as Tempting Fate. Criminal Law & Philosophy.
Mabbott, J. D. (1939). Punishment. Mind, 48.
Mill, J. S.(1991). “Utilitarianism”, in ed. J. Gray, John Stuart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, Norval, Tonry, Michael. (1990). Between Prisona nd Probation:Inter-mediate Punishmentsin a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reitz, K. (2010). “The Illusion of Proportionality: Desert and Repeat Offenders.” In: J. V. Roberts and A. von Hirsch (eds.), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Ryberg, Jesper,(2017). “Retributivism, Multiple Offending and Overall Proportionality”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ryberg, J.(2002), “Higher and Lower Pleasures _ Doubts on Justification”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 5.
Ryberg, Jesper, (2005). Retributivism and Multiple offending, Springer, Res Publica.
Roberts, Julian, de Keijser, Jan W,(2017). “Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender: Diminished Culpability for Related Criminal Conduct”, in: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg. Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Singer, Richard G. (1979). Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Taurek, J. M. (1977). “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs.
Travis, J. (2002). “Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion”. In: M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds.), The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, New York: The New Press.
Tonry, Michael, (2017). “Solving the Multiple-Offense Paradox” In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Vibla, Natalia,(2017). “Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, Andrew,(1985). Past or Future Crime. Deservedness and Dangerousnesss in the Sentencing of Criminals. Rutgers University Press.
……………………… (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment, Crime and Justice, 16, University of Chicago Press.
……………………… ( 1993). Censure and Sanctions, Oxford University Press.
……………………… (2017). “Multiple-Offense Sentencing; Some Additional Thoughts”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, A. and N. Jareborg. (1991). “Gauging Criminal Harm: A Living Standard Analysis.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, Kay A. Knapp, and Michael Tonry. (1987). The Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, and Nils Jareborg. (1987). “Provocation and Culpability.” In Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, edited by Ferdinand F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wasik, Martin, and Taylor. R .D . (1991), Blackston‘s Guide To The Criminal Justice Act 1991, Blackston press.
Wasik, Martin, (1987). "Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record." In: Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines?, edited by Martin Wasik and Ken Pease. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
……………….. (1983). "Excuses at the Sentencing Stage." Criminal Law Review.
Zimring, F. (1998). “Towards A Jurisprudence of Youth Violence.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The

Ashworth, Andrew. (2015). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 6th ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
……………………... (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
………………………. (1995). Principles of Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
……………………… (2011). “Re-Evaluting the Justifications for Aggravation and Mitigation at Sentencing”, In: Julian V. Roberts, Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing, Cambridge University Press.
……………………. (1983). Sentencing and Penal Policy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bottoms, Anthony. (1998), “Five puzzles in von Hirsch’s Theory of Punishment”. In A. Ashworth and M. Wasik, (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory: Essays in Honour of Andrew von Hirsch . Oxford: Clarendon Press .
…………………… (2017). “Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship.
Davis, M. (1983). How to Make the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Duff, A. (2001). Punishment, Communication and Community. NewYork: Oxford.
………. (2005). Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duff, A. Garland, David. (1994), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University press.
Feld, B. C. (2008). “A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole”. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy.
Fletcher, George. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Harris, G. T., T. A. Skilling, and M. E. Rice. (2001). “The Construct of Psychopathy.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James, D. J., and L. E. Glaze. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts and Jesper Ryberg, (2017). “Sentencing the Multiple Offender”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Lacey, Nicola, Pickard, Hanna. (2015). The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems, The Modern Law Review Limited.
Lovegrove, A. (2000). Proportionality, Sentencing and the Multiple Offender. Punishment & Society.
Lippke, R. L. (2011). Social Deprivation as Tempting Fate. Criminal Law & Philosophy.
Mabbott, J. D. (1939). Punishment. Mind, 48.
Mill, J. S.(1991). “Utilitarianism”, in ed. J. Gray, John Stuart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, Norval, Tonry, Michael. (1990). Between Prisona nd Probation:Inter-mediate Punishmentsin a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reitz, K. (2010). “The Illusion of Proportionality: Desert and Repeat Offenders.” In: J. V. Roberts and A. von Hirsch (eds.), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Ryberg, Jesper,(2017). “Retributivism, Multiple Offending and Overall Proportionality”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ryberg, J.(2002), “Higher and Lower Pleasures _ Doubts on Justification”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 5.
Ryberg, Jesper, (2005). Retributivism and Multiple offending, Springer, Res Publica.
Roberts, Julian, de Keijser, Jan W,(2017). “Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender: Diminished Culpability for Related Criminal Conduct”, in: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg. Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Singer, Richard G. (1979). Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Taurek, J. M. (1977). “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs.
Travis, J. (2002). “Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion”. In: M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds.), The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, New York: The New Press.
Tonry, Michael, (2017). “Solving the Multiple-Offense Paradox” In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Vibla, Natalia,(2017). “Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, Andrew,(1985). Past or Future Crime. Deservedness and Dangerousnesss in the Sentencing of Criminals. Rutgers University Press.
……………………… (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment, Crime and Justice, 16, University of Chicago Press.
……………………… ( 1993). Censure and Sanctions, Oxford University Press.
……………………… (2017). “Multiple-Offense Sentencing; Some Additional Thoughts”, In: Jan de Keijser, Julian V. Roberts, and Jesper Ryberg, Sentencing for Multiple Crimes, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Von Hirsch, A. and N. Jareborg. (1991). “Gauging Criminal Harm: A Living Standard Analysis.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, Kay A. Knapp, and Michael Tonry. (1987). The Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
Von Hirsch, Andrew, and Nils Jareborg. (1987). “Provocation and Culpability.” In Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, edited by Ferdinand F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wasik, Martin, and Taylor. R .D . (1991), Blackston‘s Guide To The Criminal Justice Act 1991, Blackston press.
Wasik, Martin, (1987). "Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record." In: Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines?, edited by Martin Wasik and Ken Pease. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
……………….. (1983). "Excuses at the Sentencing Stage." Criminal Law Review.
Zimring, F. (1998). “Towards A Jurisprudence of Youth Violence.” In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Journal of Criminal Law Research

The principle of overall proportionality is the basis for determining proportionate punishment in multiple offences

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 39
June 2022
Pages 39-70

The principle of overall proportionality is the basis for determining proportionate punishment in multiple offences

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 39June 2022Pages 39-70

Volume 10, Issue 39
June 2022
Pages 39-70