Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
2 PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
Abstract
The expansion of international protection of human rights norms and the birth of new forms of crime have led to profound changes in various areas of Criminal law. Regulation and ratification of international documents with the aim of eliminating the legal vacuums and promoting harmonization in the national criminal law systems and in order to create and promote effective criminal responses to such crimes has replaced the classical Criminal law mechanisms. But, the actions of some states in absorbing and integrating the acts determined in international documents have not been in line with the purposes of these documents in the global confrontation with the violation of international norms.
Using descriptive and analytical method, this study seeks to investigate the obstacles to this alignment in both political and legal fields. The findings show that the structural changes of the UN in promoting the decisive role of states, increasing convergence at the regional level consequently increasing the influence of policy-making in the international arena, the flexibility of national criminal law systems with the international documents and the maximum use of reservation right will be effective in increasing alignment in the agreed areas and reducing the complexities arising from these obstacles.
Keywords
Ashouri, Mohammad (2016). Criminal Procedure, Vol.1, Tehran, Samat. [In Persian]
Bantekas, Ilias; Nash, Susan. (2007). International Criminal Law, London, Routledge Cavendish.
Bassiouni, Cherif M. (2011). Crimes against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application, Cambridge University Press.
Broomhall, B. (2008). “Article 22”, in Otto Triffterer (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Bryan A. Garner. (2009). Black’s Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co.
Degan, Vladimir-Djuro. (2005). “On the Sources of International Criminal Law”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, No.1.
ECtHR, Case of Kruslin v. France, 24 April 1990.
ECtHR, Kokkinakis v. Greece, Judgment, Series A, No.260, 1993.
Falsafi, Hedayatullah (2016). International Law of Treaties, Tehran: Farhang Nashr Nu. [In Persian]
Grover, Leena. (2010). “A Call to Arms: Fundamental Dilemmas Confronting the Interpretation of Crimes in the Rome Statute of the ICC”, EJIL, Vol. 21, No. 3.
Grover, Leena. (2014). Interpreting Crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge University Press.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Katanga, Case No.ICC-01/04-01/07, Judgement Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, (Mar. 7, 2014).
ICC, Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Decision of the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) ICC02/05-01/09-OA (3 February 2010).
ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the Appeal, 3 October 2006), ICC 01/04-01/06(14 December 2006), Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, 29 January 2007.
ICTY, Celebici Case, Trial Chamber Judgment, Case No. IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Mitar Vasiljevic, Trial Judgment, Case No.IT-98-32-T, 29 November 2002.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Erdemovi´c, Case No. IT-96-22-A, Judgment, Oct. 7, 1997.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Furundˇzija, Case No.IT-95-17/1-T, Judgment, Dec. 10, 1998.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Galic, Case No.IT-98-29-T, Judgment, 5 Dec 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Kordic & Cerkez, Appeals Chamber Judgment, Case No.IT-95-14/2-A, 17 December 2004.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., Case No.IT-95-16-T, Trial Chamber, 14 Jan 2000.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgment on Allegations of Contempt against Prior Counsel, Milan Vujin, Case No. ITـ94ـ1ـAـAR77, App. Ch., 31 January 2000.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic´, Case No.IT-94-1-A, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995; Appeal Chamber Judgment, 15 July 1999.
Imre, Zajtay. (1980). “Reasoning by Analogy as a Method of Law Interpretation”, Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 13, No. 3.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Tokyo Charter, 19 January 1946.
Jain, Neha. (2016). “Judicial Lawmaking and General Principles of Law in International Criminal Law”, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 57, No. 1.
Juthe, Andre. (2005). “Argument by Analogy”, Argumentation, Vol. 19, Issue.1.
Kelsen, Hans (2008). Pure Theory of Law, Translated by Ismail Nematollahi, Tehran, Samat Publication. [In Persian]
Masyhar, Ali. (2015). “Criticize The Use of Analogy Prohibition in Criminal Law”, Mimbar Hukum Journal, Vol. 27, No.1.
Mazaheri Tehrani, Massoud (2008). The Place of Analogy in Criminal Law, Payam-e Amozesh Journal, No.21. [In Persian]
Moazenzadegan, Hasanali; Gholamalizade, Hasan (2010). “An Analytical Study of the Position of interpretation of Doubts in favor of the Defendant in Criminal Law”, Islamic Law Research Journal, Vol.10, Issue.30, No.30, pp.141-159. [In Persian]
Momeni, Mahdi (2017). “Principles of Legality of Crimes and Punishments in International Criminal Proceedings”, International Law Review, Vol.33, Issue.55, No.55, pp.159-184. [In Persian]
Moroz, Izsbela. (2017). “Extending Interpretation and Analogy in Law”, Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, Vol. 27, Issue.3.
Murtada Al-Zubaidi (1984). The Crown of the Bride from the Jewels of the Dictionary, Vol.8, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
Nauke, Wolfgag (1986). “Interpretation and Analogy in Criminal Law”, BYU Law Review, Issue.3.
Omidi, Jalil (2016). Interpretation of Statute in Criminal Law, Tehran, Mokhatab. [In Persian]
Piri, Heidar; Seyed Mohammad Ghari Seyed Fatemi & Seyed Hadi Mahmoody (2018). “Discovery of Legal Rule through Analogy by the International Court of Justice”, Public Law Studies Quarterly, Vol.49, Issue.4, pp.1149-1170. [In Persian]
Pinto Soares, Patrica. (2012). “Tangling Human Rights and International Criminal Law: The Practice of International Tribunals and the Call for Rationalized Legal Pluralism”, Criminal Law Forum, Vol. 23.
Preuss, Lawrence. (1936). “Punishment by Analogy in National Socialistic Penal Law”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 26, Issue. 6.
Raimondo, Fabián. (2007). “General Principles of Law as Applied by International Criminal Courts and Tribunal”, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, Vol.6, Issue.3.
Ranjbarian, Amirhossain; Malekolkottab-e-Khiabani, Mahdieh (2011). “The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Establishment, Jurisdiction and Fight against Impunity”, International Law Review, Vol.27, Issue.43, pp.123-167. [In Persian]
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2002.
Simaee Sarraf, Hossein (2009). “Scope of the Analogical Reasoning: A Critical Appraisal of the Fighi Methodology of Penal Analogy”, Journal of Legal Research, No.15, pp.151-164. [In Persian]
Simaee Sarraf, Hossein (2011). “Reasoning and Ways of Detection Ratio in Analogical Argument; Comparative Study in Islamic Law and Common Law”, Comparative Law Researches, Vol.15 (2), pp.43-64. [In Persian]
Schabas, W. (2010). The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press.
Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, Security Council Resolution 955, 18 November 1994.
Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Security Council Resolution 827, 25 May 1993.
Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Security Council Resolution 1315, 14 August, 2000.
Supreme Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL), Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, and Kanu, Case No.04-16-A, Trial Chamber II (20 June 2007), Appeals Judgment (22 February 2008).
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Vol. 1, 1945.
Xinjiu, Qu. (2014). “A New Approach to Distinguishing between Extensive Interpretation and Analogy”, Renmin Chinese Law Review, Vol. 48.
Xuewu, Qu. (2004). Generality of Criminal Law, Social Sciences Academic Press.
Zhang, Mingkai. (2011). Criminal Law, Law Press.
- French
Bouzat, p. Pinatel, J. (1970). Traité de Droit Pénal et Criminologie, Paris, Dalloz.
Jeandidier, Wilfrid (1998). Droit Pénal Général, Paris, Montchrestien.
Ashouri, Mohammad (2016). Criminal Procedure, Vol.1, Tehran, Samat. [In Persian]
Bantekas, Ilias; Nash, Susan. (2007). International Criminal Law, London, Routledge Cavendish.
Bassiouni, Cherif M. (2011). Crimes against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application, Cambridge University Press.
Broomhall, B. (2008). “Article 22”, in Otto Triffterer (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Bryan A. Garner. (2009). Black’s Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co.
Degan, Vladimir-Djuro. (2005). “On the Sources of International Criminal Law”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, No.1.
ECtHR, Case of Kruslin v. France, 24 April 1990.
ECtHR, Kokkinakis v. Greece, Judgment, Series A, No.260, 1993.
Falsafi, Hedayatullah (2016). International Law of Treaties, Tehran: Farhang Nashr Nu. [In Persian]
Grover, Leena. (2010). “A Call to Arms: Fundamental Dilemmas Confronting the Interpretation of Crimes in the Rome Statute of the ICC”, EJIL, Vol. 21, No. 3.
Grover, Leena. (2014). Interpreting Crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge University Press.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Katanga, Case No.ICC-01/04-01/07, Judgement Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, (Mar. 7, 2014).
ICC, Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Decision of the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) ICC02/05-01/09-OA (3 February 2010).
ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the Appeal, 3 October 2006), ICC 01/04-01/06(14 December 2006), Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, 29 January 2007.
ICTY, Celebici Case, Trial Chamber Judgment, Case No. IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Mitar Vasiljevic, Trial Judgment, Case No.IT-98-32-T, 29 November 2002.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Erdemovi´c, Case No. IT-96-22-A, Judgment, Oct. 7, 1997.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Furundˇzija, Case No.IT-95-17/1-T, Judgment, Dec. 10, 1998.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Galic, Case No.IT-98-29-T, Judgment, 5 Dec 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Kordic & Cerkez, Appeals Chamber Judgment, Case No.IT-95-14/2-A, 17 December 2004.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., Case No.IT-95-16-T, Trial Chamber, 14 Jan 2000.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgment on Allegations of Contempt against Prior Counsel, Milan Vujin, Case No. ITـ94ـ1ـAـAR77, App. Ch., 31 January 2000.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic´, Case No.IT-94-1-A, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995; Appeal Chamber Judgment, 15 July 1999.
Imre, Zajtay. (1980). “Reasoning by Analogy as a Method of Law Interpretation”, Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 13, No. 3.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Tokyo Charter, 19 January 1946.
Jain, Neha. (2016). “Judicial Lawmaking and General Principles of Law in International Criminal Law”, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 57, No. 1.
Juthe, Andre. (2005). “Argument by Analogy”, Argumentation, Vol. 19, Issue.1.
Kelsen, Hans (2008). Pure Theory of Law, Translated by Ismail Nematollahi, Tehran, Samat Publication. [In Persian]
Masyhar, Ali. (2015). “Criticize The Use of Analogy Prohibition in Criminal Law”, Mimbar Hukum Journal, Vol. 27, No.1.
Mazaheri Tehrani, Massoud (2008). The Place of Analogy in Criminal Law, Payam-e Amozesh Journal, No.21. [In Persian]
Moazenzadegan, Hasanali; Gholamalizade, Hasan (2010). “An Analytical Study of the Position of interpretation of Doubts in favor of the Defendant in Criminal Law”, Islamic Law Research Journal, Vol.10, Issue.30, No.30, pp.141-159. [In Persian]
Momeni, Mahdi (2017). “Principles of Legality of Crimes and Punishments in International Criminal Proceedings”, International Law Review, Vol.33, Issue.55, No.55, pp.159-184. [In Persian]
Moroz, Izsbela. (2017). “Extending Interpretation and Analogy in Law”, Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, Vol. 27, Issue.3.
Murtada Al-Zubaidi (1984). The Crown of the Bride from the Jewels of the Dictionary, Vol.8, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
Nauke, Wolfgag (1986). “Interpretation and Analogy in Criminal Law”, BYU Law Review, Issue.3.
Omidi, Jalil (2016). Interpretation of Statute in Criminal Law, Tehran, Mokhatab. [In Persian]
Piri, Heidar; Seyed Mohammad Ghari Seyed Fatemi & Seyed Hadi Mahmoody (2018). “Discovery of Legal Rule through Analogy by the International Court of Justice”, Public Law Studies Quarterly, Vol.49, Issue.4, pp.1149-1170. [In Persian]
Pinto Soares, Patrica. (2012). “Tangling Human Rights and International Criminal Law: The Practice of International Tribunals and the Call for Rationalized Legal Pluralism”, Criminal Law Forum, Vol. 23.
Preuss, Lawrence. (1936). “Punishment by Analogy in National Socialistic Penal Law”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 26, Issue. 6.
Raimondo, Fabián. (2007). “General Principles of Law as Applied by International Criminal Courts and Tribunal”, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, Vol.6, Issue.3.
Ranjbarian, Amirhossain; Malekolkottab-e-Khiabani, Mahdieh (2011). “The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Establishment, Jurisdiction and Fight against Impunity”, International Law Review, Vol.27, Issue.43, pp.123-167. [In Persian]
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2002.
Simaee Sarraf, Hossein (2009). “Scope of the Analogical Reasoning: A Critical Appraisal of the Fighi Methodology of Penal Analogy”, Journal of Legal Research, No.15, pp.151-164. [In Persian]
Simaee Sarraf, Hossein (2011). “Reasoning and Ways of Detection Ratio in Analogical Argument; Comparative Study in Islamic Law and Common Law”, Comparative Law Researches, Vol.15 (2), pp.43-64. [In Persian]
Schabas, W. (2010). The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press.
Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, Security Council Resolution 955, 18 November 1994.
Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Security Council Resolution 827, 25 May 1993.
Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Security Council Resolution 1315, 14 August, 2000.
Supreme Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL), Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, and Kanu, Case No.04-16-A, Trial Chamber II (20 June 2007), Appeals Judgment (22 February 2008).
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Vol. 1, 1945.
Xinjiu, Qu. (2014). “A New Approach to Distinguishing between Extensive Interpretation and Analogy”, Renmin Chinese Law Review, Vol. 48.
Xuewu, Qu. (2004). Generality of Criminal Law, Social Sciences Academic Press.
Zhang, Mingkai. (2011). Criminal Law, Law Press.
- French
Bouzat, p. Pinatel, J. (1970). Traité de Droit Pénal et Criminologie, Paris, Dalloz.
Jeandidier, Wilfrid (1998). Droit Pénal Général, Paris, Montchrestien.
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