نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• احمدرضا امتحانی ¹
• علی محمدی جورکویه ²
• جواد نادی عوج بغزی ³

¹ دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه مفید قم،

² عضو هیئت علمی و دانشیار گروه فقه و حقوق پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی قم

³ طلبه دروس خارج حوزه علمیه قم ، دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی دانشگاه تهران (پردیس بین المللی ارس)

چکیده

با اجرایی شدن قانون کاهش مجازات حبس تعزیری مصوب سال 1399 مقنن تغییرات بسیاری را در قواعد تعدد مادی جرایم موجب تعزیر نسبت به سال 1392 اعمال کرده است به نحوی که این تغییر ملاک در تعیین مجازات و نیز تشدید و تخفیف مجازات و چرایی تفکیک میان جرایم مختلف از مشابه، قضات و حقوقدانان را با چالش‌های علمی و عملی مختلفی مواجه کرده است و این ابهامات، استنباط‌های متفاوتی را از ماده ۱۳۴ ق.م.ا اصلاحی را در پی داشته، که می‌تواند موجب تضییع حقوق متهمان گردد. در واقع سوال اصلی این پژوهش بدین صورت است؛ ماده ١٣۴ اصلاحی چه ابهامات و چالش هایی را به همراه دارد و  چه راهکارهایی را جهت برون رفت از آن‌ها می‌توان ارائه داد؟ در این پژوهش به شیوهای توصیفی- تحلیلی سعی شده است ضمن تبیین مقررات تعدد مادی جرایم موجب تعزیر در قانون حاضر به بررسی مهمترین چالش‌های موجود در این نهاد از جمله: تشخیص جرایم مختلف از مشابه، نحوه شمارش چند جرم مشابه از مختلف، زمان تشخیص جرایم متعدد جهت اعمال مقررات تعدد جرم، بررسی عطف به ماسبق شدن یا نشدن قواعد تعدد مادی جرم در قلمرو حاکمیت قوانین جزایی متعدد، ملاک تحقق تعدد جرم از حیث ضرورت یا عدم ضرورت فاصله‌زمانی در رفتارهای ارتکابی متعدد، جمع هم زمان تعدد وتکرار جرم پرداخته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تعدد مادی
• جرایم تعزیری
• قانون کاهش
• تشدید مجازات
• چالش‌ها و راهکارها

موضوعات

• حقوق کیفری عمومی و اختصاصی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimatingphenomenal multiplicity from the perspective of the law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment, challenges and solutions

نویسندگان [English]

• Ahmadreza Emtehani ¹
• ali Mohammadi Jurkuyeh ²
• Javad Nadi Ouj Baghzi ³

¹ Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Mofid University, Qom, Iran

² , a member of the faculty and an associate professor of the Department of Jurisprudence and Law of Qom Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought.

³ student of external courses at Qom Seminary, PhD student in criminal law and criminology, University of Tehran, Aras International Campus.

چکیده [English]

With the implementation of the law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment approved in 1399, the legislator has applied many changes in the rules of material multiplicity of crimes causing punishment compared to 1392, in such a way that this change in the criteria for determining the punishment, as well as the intensification and reduction of the punishment and the reason for the separation between different crimes from similar ones, has faced judges and jurists with various scientific and practical challenges. And these ambiguities have led to different inferences from Article 134 of the Amended Criminal Code, which can harm the rights of the accused. In fact, the main question of this research is as follows; What ambiguities and challenges does the amended Article 134 bring and what solutions can be offered to overcome them? In this research, in a descriptive-analytical way, while explaining the provisions of the material multiplicity of crimes causing punishment in the current law, it has been tried to examine the most important challenges in this institution, including: Distinguishing different crimes from similar ones, how to count several similar crimes from different ones, the time to recognize multiple crimes in order to apply the rules of multiplicity of crimes, examining whether or not the rules of material multiplicity of crimes are retroactive in the jurisdiction of multiple criminal laws, the criteria for realizing multiplicity of crimes in terms of the necessity or non-necessity of a time interval in multiple committed behaviors, the simultaneous summation of multiplicity and repetition of crimes.In our country, the provisions related to the multiple crimes of life have been adapted from French criminal law since 1304, and after many ups and downs, the legislator has finally passed new regulations regarding the multiple crimes in 2019 and its next amendment on 99 according to the Law on Reducing the Punishment of Imprisonment. However, since the regulations of this institution are among the most common and widely used cases in the criminal justice system, in practice, it has caused problems and challenges for the judicial system, judges, and as a result, the rights of the accused have been violated; In this article, it has been tried to fully explain the provisions of the institution of material multiplicity of crime, in the Criminal Code and its amendment, and examine the most important challenges in it. By identifying them and providing solutions to get out of these ambiguities through the interpretation of the law and discovering the intention of the legislator and relying on the rules governing the criminal laws, the unity of criteria and procedure is proposed in this regard. Providing solutions and solving scientific and practical ambiguities is one of the most important achievements of this research, which can play an important role and help in the criminal justice system in order to implement justice as best as possible.One of the issues that has been raised for a long time in the discussion of increasing punishment is the issue of multiplicity of crimes. Multiplicity of crimes is one of the cases of individualization of punishment and one of the common reasons for the escalation of punishment. General aggravating qualities are attributes that are associated with any crime and cause the punishment to increase and do not belong to a specific crime. In other words, the reasons for aggravating the punishment are the reasons that as soon as the judge finds them, he must increase the punishment for that crime. In most of the countries of the world, a person who has committed several crimes due to the delinquent nature that has penetrated into his fabric, they consider a heavier punishment for him, so that the perpetrator, while reforming and rehabilitating, returns to the embrace of society with a pure spirit and free from punishment and dangerous state. But in the term, multiplicity of crime is divided into material multiplicity and credit multiplicity. Material multiplicity, which is interpreted as real or objective multiplicity, is a situation where the perpetrator has committed two or more "independent" criminal acts and has not received a definitive criminal conviction for any of those crimes. While multiplicity of credit is the situation of a criminal who commits one act, but multiple criminal titles apply to that one act, and she has not received a definite criminal conviction for any of those crimes. In this research, considering that the subject of the research revolves around the material multiplicity, it is enough to state a simple definition of the credit multiplicity and the rules related to it are avoided due to the lack of wording.   

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• material multiplicity
• criminal offenses
• reduction law
• aggravation of punishment
• challenges and solutions