Abstract
اختیارات دادستان در فرایند عدالت جنایی بر حقوق و آزادی‌های متهم و میزان سلامت فرایند مذکور موثر است. اگر اختیارات دادستان بیش از میزان لازم برای تضمین حقوق عمومی باشد، ...
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اختیارات دادستان در فرایند عدالت جنایی بر حقوق و آزادی‌های متهم و میزان سلامت فرایند مذکور موثر است. اگر اختیارات دادستان بیش از میزان لازم برای تضمین حقوق عمومی باشد، حقوق دفاعی و آزادی‌های متهم و حقوق مادی و معنوی بزهدیده مخدوش میشود. مقاله حاضر به دنبال پاسخ به این سوالات است که دادستان در فرایند عدالت جنایی چه جایگاهی دارد و چه اختیاراتی برای دادستان مناسب است؟ آیا اختیارات دادستان در نظام رسیدگی کیفری ایران، با جایگاه وی تناسب دارد؟ یافتههای تحقیق حاکی از این مطلب است که دادستان طرف دعوای عمومی است و اختیارات وی باید محدود به تعقیب جنایی و اقامه دعوای عمومی در مراجع قضایی باشد. در فرایند عدالت جنایی مرسوم در ایران جایگاه دوگانه برای دادستان پیشبینی شده است. به گونهای که از طرفی جایگاه طرف دعوای عمومی و از طرف دیگر جایگاه بیطرف مقام قضایی، قاضی تحقیق یا نظارت کننده تحقیقات مقدماتی و ارائه دهنده تعلیمات لازم به بازپرس و ضابطان قضایی پیشبینی شده است. در نظام عدالت جنایی موجود جایگاه قضایی با جایگاه مدعی عمومی سازگار نیست و نمیتوان پذیرفت که مدعی عمومی در عین حال تحقیقات مقدمات را انجام دهد یا بر مقامات تحقیق نظارت کند.
MORTEZA Tabib; Mohsen Akbari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , October 2012, , Pages 121-136
Abstract
There are times when some of the heir qualities cause them to bedebarred from coming into their inheritance which are calledinheritance barriers. In spite of contradictions among the jurists ofIslamic faiths on the number of inheritance barriers, they alluniversally agree upon homicide as one. However, ...
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There are times when some of the heir qualities cause them to bedebarred from coming into their inheritance which are calledinheritance barriers. In spite of contradictions among the jurists ofIslamic faiths on the number of inheritance barriers, they alluniversally agree upon homicide as one. However, they have discordson the type of homicide and peculiar conditions. The aim here is toprecisely identify the inheritance barriers and relative reasoning in thisregard as well as surveying homicide as the only accepted barrier ofinheritance among Islamic faiths. The major consequences of thisresearch, then, are precise identification of inheritance barriers as wellas identify features of homicide as the barriers of inheritance inaddition to coming into this conclusion that a premeditated murder isnot always considered a barrier
ehsan ailakbari; masoud gahandostedalanjan; mohammad javad falah yakhdaey
Abstract
Despite the controversy about the effect of doubt on the abandonment of punishment and the overwhelming acceptance of this issue in Articles 120 and 121 of the Islamic penal code, it has been argued that there is a controversial issue in the elimination of liability and punishment.The Islamic Penal Code ...
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Despite the controversy about the effect of doubt on the abandonment of punishment and the overwhelming acceptance of this issue in Articles 120 and 121 of the Islamic penal code, it has been argued that there is a controversial issue in the elimination of liability and punishment.The Islamic Penal Code also did not mention to this. A number of jurisprudents say: Only in a state can the perpetrator be doubted that at the time of the work he has the certainty or reasonable suspicion of having the license. On the other hand, some other jurisprudents consider absolute suspicion as a criterion of doubt, and some of the other delusions of the legitimacy of criminal action are also considered to be criterion of doubt. What attracts attention in this regard is that the owners of these three theories have all come to the common cause to prove their promise, and the secret of their differences is different perceptions of this argument. The authors of this paper believe that all this evidence is incapable of expressing a criterion of doubt, but it is not permissible to refer to the basic principles and rules.
mojtaba ghahramani; alireza sayebani
Abstract
The uncertainty surrounding the ability of the ordinary justice system to fight corruption and the concern for impartial treatment and fear of intrusive influence have forced many countries to establish SpecialisedAnti-CorruptionInstitutions and specialised anti-corruption courts. The general reason ...
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The uncertainty surrounding the ability of the ordinary justice system to fight corruption and the concern for impartial treatment and fear of intrusive influence have forced many countries to establish SpecialisedAnti-CorruptionInstitutions and specialised anti-corruption courts. The general reason for the establishment of specialised anti-corruption courts is to increase the certainty of the execution of the penalties and the special reasons are to increase the efficiency, integrity and experience. In the countries through the world, there is no standardized model for specialized anti-corruption courts, and there are various models in the judicial hierarchy depending on the countries' requirements and their needs for expertise. Some countries have only foreseen a special judge, and some countries have developed special courts of special primacy, while others have established Hybrid courts that in some cases act as court of first instance and in other cases as appellate courts. And ultimately, at the highest level of the response to the expertise, some countries have created a system of comprehensive special courts, which is also the width of the ordinary judicial system. Although the Specialised anti-corruption courts in the Islamic Republic of Iran are specific in their formation, they have many share points to global models.
Criminal law and criminology
ALI RAFIEI; Bakhtiyar Abbaslo; Eesa Amini
Abstract
The right to observe and respect private life is considered one of the fundamental freedoms, which is one of the concepts of developed legal systems and is closely related to human dignity. Advances in social life have changed the dimensions of privacy. These new dimensions should also be supported, ...
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The right to observe and respect private life is considered one of the fundamental freedoms, which is one of the concepts of developed legal systems and is closely related to human dignity. Advances in social life have changed the dimensions of privacy. These new dimensions should also be supported, but it does not mean the absolute prohibition of privacy violations, the Iranian legislator takes steps to protect this privacy by determining the limits of the government's powers and taking into account individual rights and freedoms, the interest of society and public order. . Opinions issued by international courts and leading countries, especially Canada, regarding privacy, which are basically based on the rules and arguments of human rights, can be considered as a model of national legislation in the protection of privacy. The laws of the two countries are inferred to respect and prohibit entry into privacy, except in cases where social interests and public order require it, in which case it is possible by following special formalities
Majid Ghurchibeigi; Mohammad Reza Rezaeian Koochi
Abstract
Following social developments, the approach of policymakers is to determine hate crimes and to protect vulnerable victims in the form of victim-oriented penal policy. Although victim-oriented penal policy emphasizes the protection of vulnerable victims in the light of the doctrine of hate crimes, in ...
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Following social developments, the approach of policymakers is to determine hate crimes and to protect vulnerable victims in the form of victim-oriented penal policy. Although victim-oriented penal policy emphasizes the protection of vulnerable victims in the light of the doctrine of hate crimes, in some legal systems, including the Iranian criminal system, the legislature has scattered support for victims and does not pay special attention to the victims of hateful behaviors. Therefore, based on the context of victim-oriented penal policy, what is the place of supporting hate crime victims in penal policy? This challenge can be analyzed in terms of the requirements of criminal policy, including appropriate legislation, victim-oriented support mechanisms, and participatory victim-centered approaches. This paper confirms supporting hate crime victims in the form of aggravated and discriminatory criminal support based on analyzing the dimensions of victimization and requirements of the victim-oriented penal policy. In this regard, the creation of differentiated support mechanisms for victims of hate crimes based on a participatory support system is emphasized.
Amir ٍetemadi; Mehran Zalipoor
Abstract
Social developments require updating the legislator's perspective in line with these changes. While not tolerating commission of the crime and always seeking good response to anomalies, the community also cares about correcting the offender for socialization. The study of Islam's criminal resources and ...
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Social developments require updating the legislator's perspective in line with these changes. While not tolerating commission of the crime and always seeking good response to anomalies, the community also cares about correcting the offender for socialization. The study of Islam's criminal resources and the place of repentance in this system indicates the emphasis on reforming man and his leadership to return to society. In this regard, the legislator, in note 2 of Article 278 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, has conferred on the Supreme Leader the power to pardon or convert the penalty of convicts to Nata’ziri imprisonments, on the condition of perpetrator’s repentance and expediency. This conferral of authority to the Supreme Leader is absolute in undesignated Ta'zir, but, in the designated penalties, with regard to their mere divine aspect, it is reflective. On the other hand, although the terms of the Penal Code refer to "expediency" or "religious designated Ta'zir", no attempt has been made by the legislator to clarify these terms. The achievement of the present article indicates that while expediency is justified in tolerance towards convicts, the legislator has not been able to clearly explain the matter without contradicting legal regulations ...
Abbas Zaraat; Saied Qomashi,; Farshad Shirzadifar
Abstract
Re-prosecution of the accused after the issuance of a restraining order is one of the solutions envisaged by the legislature to ensure justice for persons who did not have access to sufficient reasons or reasons at the time of the trial. The grounds for re-prosecuting the accused are in line with the ...
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Re-prosecution of the accused after the issuance of a restraining order is one of the solutions envisaged by the legislature to ensure justice for persons who did not have access to sufficient reasons or reasons at the time of the trial. The grounds for re-prosecuting the accused are in line with the objectives of the criminal proceedings. These include achieving the Judicial truth, preventing norm-breaking in society. The main source of criminal investigation is the prosecutor's office, so the legislator has made the possibility of re-prosecuting the accused based on Article 278 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in this institution. In some cases, depending on the type of charge, the judicial organization and the personality of the perpetrator, step-by-step investigations are carried out in a source other than the prosecutor's office, and it is possible to issue a restraining order. according to the silence of the legislator, this ambiguity has arisen as to what the procedure of re-prosecution will be if the court issues a restraining order? Depending on the position of the court in Judicial system, if a restraining order is issued by the court at the preliminary investigation stage, it is possible to re-prosecute the accused, but contrary to Article 278, if the restraining order is finalized in a higher authority, there is no need to prescribe a higher authority because the court has independence. It is not like the prosecutor's office.
mahdi sabooripour; iraj khalilzadeh
Abstract
Customary Criminal Code (1295) is the first substantial code in Iranian criminal law developments . This Code is ratified 38 years after Counte Code (1258) . Its importance is that it makes the substructures of its post criminal codes. This Code is very important due to new division of crimes, penalties ...
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Customary Criminal Code (1295) is the first substantial code in Iranian criminal law developments . This Code is ratified 38 years after Counte Code (1258) . Its importance is that it makes the substructures of its post criminal codes. This Code is very important due to new division of crimes, penalties and explanations of Counte Code which was unprecedented. These regulations show Iranian criminal law developments and Iranian legal social culture in 100 years ago. Many of current criminal law organizations go back to even pre-constitutional period. In Naseri period, French Penal Code (1810) , and some of Ottoman regulations were translated, but they were not ratified by Naserredin Shah. These laws and regulations were accepted by Nosratodoleh. This article examines ratification of Customary Criminal Code and then analyzes typology of crimes and penalties. Key Words: Customary Criminal Code، Firooz Mirza Nosratodoleh، Criminal Law Developments، Crimes and Penalties Typology، Organizationology
Jamal Beigi; Farhad Ghahhar
Abstract
AbstractThroughout history, the phenomenon of war, as a painful reality in human life, has always been full of suffering, and therefore the international community has tried to reduce its destructive and harmful effects by enacting international humanitarian law. In the meantime, individuals, including ...
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AbstractThroughout history, the phenomenon of war, as a painful reality in human life, has always been full of suffering, and therefore the international community has tried to reduce its destructive and harmful effects by enacting international humanitarian law. In the meantime, individuals, including physicians, in some cases and in violation of their professional duties and ethical principles and by abusing this dangerous situation, in violation of international rules and the basic rules of medical professional ethics and with the help of prisoners of war under the protection of international law, unusual biological experiments during armed conflicts against these people lead to severe physical and mental injuries that, in addition to tarnishing the image of medical science, lead to one of the most heinous international crimes called "medical war crimes." The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze this conceptual approach to the phenomenon of medical war crimes and to present its examples from the perspective of international regulations and distinguish it from similar concepts to provide intellectual infrastructure. Special rules are necessary to develop the protection of victims of this range of international crimes in light of current social developments.Keywords: Medical war crime, International criminal court, Rome Statute, Geneva Convention
hasan moradi
Abstract
Standardization of multiplicity of injuries for how to get a retaliation or compensation has been a significant part of the jurisprudential doctrines about rules of Qisas. Contrary to the rule of multiplicity of crime which is one of the factors of aggravation of punishment, multiplicity of injuries ...
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Standardization of multiplicity of injuries for how to get a retaliation or compensation has been a significant part of the jurisprudential doctrines about rules of Qisas. Contrary to the rule of multiplicity of crime which is one of the factors of aggravation of punishment, multiplicity of injuries has various assumptions: Sometimes a injury may be committed by one person against another person or others or by a few people against a person. It may also result from a blow or multiple blows, at a time or at different times. The jurists of the Imamieh religion have expressed different opinions in this regard. Some of them believe in interfering absolutely, Some of them believe in not-interfering absolutely, and Some of them, have a different opinion depending on the unit or multiple and consecutive or alternate blows. In the Islamic Penal Code, with the following the famous opinion in Imamieh jurisprudence and by accepting the not-interfering opinion, except in exceptional cases, provided that the multiple intentional injuries result in a multiplicity of retaliation. In this article, by analyzing the related jurisprudential doctrines, the criteria set out in the above mentioned law have been criticized and proposals for amending the law are provided.
Abstract
At Murder, Holders of the right to qisas, Can request that a murderer be executed or By agreement with the killer, Qisas will convert to blood money. also, they Can pardon the murderer And forgive murdeder. In addition, In manslaughter,There is also the right to demand blood money And the right of forgive. ...
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At Murder, Holders of the right to qisas, Can request that a murderer be executed or By agreement with the killer, Qisas will convert to blood money. also, they Can pardon the murderer And forgive murdeder. In addition, In manslaughter,There is also the right to demand blood money And the right of forgive. Now the question is that If murdered is debt, Are these rights will be continued? In response to the question, Regarding the relationship between Qisas with public order And the supremacy of public interest over private interests, Right to qiṣāṣ is preferable. However, Blood money is in front of murdered's right to life, For this, is Placed in murdered asset. As a result, Blood money should be used to pay debt of murdered. Forgiveness of murderer without compensation, is Unlike normal behavior. For this,The fault is considered. As a result,They have no right of Forgiveness of the murderer Unless they obtain the consent of creditors
Ahmad Hajidehabadi; Ali Asgari Morovat
Abstract
It is possible to commission of quasi-intentional felony, the subject of three clauses of article 291, by omission with this condition that the most prominent example of felonies is to be committed by the omission in C section (falseness) of this article. In clause (a) and (b) of this article, the behavior ...
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It is possible to commission of quasi-intentional felony, the subject of three clauses of article 291, by omission with this condition that the most prominent example of felonies is to be committed by the omission in C section (falseness) of this article. In clause (a) and (b) of this article, the behavior is not effective and can consist of action and omission. The most challenging part of this research is the possibility of commission of simple mistake felony by omission. The commission of simple mistake felony, the subject of clause (a) of Article 292 is not possible by omission, since in this assumption, or the perpetrator is not responsible for the lack of the condition of ability or, in the case of liability, the crime is intentional or quasi-intentional. In clause (b) of this article, if the minor is undertaking in accordance with Article 85 of the Non-Litigious Matters Act, and a felony is committed by commission, this is simple mistake felony. Finally, although the commission of simple mistake felony, the subject of clause (c) of Article 292, is rare by omission, but it cannot be falsified.
Alireza Ayat
Abstract
In justifying a differential criminal prosecution of economic crimes, there are three basic criteria: first, the characteristics of the perpetrator, influence, or intent that the victim of economic crime has a high risk. The same does not mean that criminal prosecution can not trap such offenders. Second, ...
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In justifying a differential criminal prosecution of economic crimes, there are three basic criteria: first, the characteristics of the perpetrator, influence, or intent that the victim of economic crime has a high risk. The same does not mean that criminal prosecution can not trap such offenders. Second, the character of the nature of criminal behavior: economic crime, which sometimes accompanies economic disruption or economic corruption, the economic crime is a threat to the economy and beyond, national security. Third, the consequence of crime, which brings economic crime closer to corruption. The selection of each of these three measures can justify the differentiation mechanisms of criminal proceedings for economic crimes, but each has challenges and shortcomings that may offset the legality of the case, along with the definition of differential treatment. The present article specifies that in the criminal system of Iran, economic crimes are more than the result of a differential offense that results from the triple bond of media activity, the political and economic situation of Iran, and the position of the perpetrator for communicating with executive agencies. These three factors simulate economic crime, whether it be a criminal offense, and a differential criminal procedure based on this principle.
Mohammadhossein Shaker; hamid seddigh akha
Abstract
دیه صدمات مربوط به استخوان های بدن در قالب قواعد یا نظریه هایی به صورت نسبتی از دیه عضو دربردارنده استخوان بیان شده است. برخی از استخوان ها با توجه به عدم در برگرفته شدن ...
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دیه صدمات مربوط به استخوان های بدن در قالب قواعد یا نظریه هایی به صورت نسبتی از دیه عضو دربردارنده استخوان بیان شده است. برخی از استخوان ها با توجه به عدم در برگرفته شدن توسط عضوی از اعضای بدن و بالتبع خروج از این قواعد و نظریه ها نیازمند بررسی جداگانه برای تعیین جبران خسارات وارده بر آنها می باشند که ستون فقرات از جمله آنهاست. هر چند برخی از فقها به بیان جداگانه دیه صدمات این استخوان پرداخته اند لکن آن را در دسته بندی منسجمی ارائه ننموده اند. بررسی و کشف انواع صدمات به همراه آسیب های وارده را می توان از نقایص بیانی مقنن در قانون مجازات دانست. همراهی صدمات وارده بر ستون فقرات با آسیب های دیگر مانند شل شدن پا، خمیدگی پشت و ... که بعضا شایع نیز بوده، ستون فقرات را از دیگر استخوان ها متمایز می کند. این نوشتار به بررسی دیه صدمات وارده بر استخوان از منظر فقه و قانون و نیز کشف مشکلات اجرایی و ارائه راه حل آن با توجه به منابع روایی و فقهی پرداخته و در تمامی مراحل مباحث قانونی را از نظر دور نداشته است.
Mehdi Fazli; Adel Sarikhani
Abstract
The word"Similar" in crimes agains human body first was used in Article 290 of Islamic Pneal Code of 2013 of Iran and has no background in Fiqh (Islamic rules) and previous laws. Having no legal-Fiqhi background, this word has caused many ambiguities; at first glance it seems that this word has increased ...
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The word"Similar" in crimes agains human body first was used in Article 290 of Islamic Pneal Code of 2013 of Iran and has no background in Fiqh (Islamic rules) and previous laws. Having no legal-Fiqhi background, this word has caused many ambiguities; at first glance it seems that this word has increased the scope of intentional crimes against human body and obscured the boundaries of mistake in such crimes. Through the paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, authors have reached to this result that “similar felony” in crimes against human body only includes crimes committed to unwanted limbs of a wanted victim with similar or lower consequences than offender’s intention and it excludes unwanted crime against an unwanted victim. Such crimes sometimes are inherently intentional and sometimes supposedly. However it is necessary that legislator amends this ambiguous word and enacts a specific article to elaborately expresses that mistake in committing crime to unwanted limb of a victim in an intentional crime which leads to similar or lower consequences than offender’s intention to other limb, would be intentional.
shayan akbari; Ahmad Fallahi
Abstract
Existentialism is a philosophical school that gives a special importance for two principles of "freedom" and "responsibility". Jean-Paul Sartre, with philosophical arguments, comes to the conclusion that "human is condemned to freedom" and thus perceives the deepest possible form of freedom for human. ...
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Existentialism is a philosophical school that gives a special importance for two principles of "freedom" and "responsibility". Jean-Paul Sartre, with philosophical arguments, comes to the conclusion that "human is condemned to freedom" and thus perceives the deepest possible form of freedom for human. Given the freely-centered approach of existentialism and because the concept of freedom enjoys a distinguished standing in the school, involvement of idea and components of the school in the world of criminal law gives us a significant analysis and inferences. By examining the demands of existentialism in the field of criminalization and decriminalization, it is evident that any restriction of personal freedom is in confrontation and conflict with the principles of existentialism and accordingly, the theories of paternalism and legal moralism, according to this school of thought, are threatening the individual freedoms. According to the idea of existentialism, resort to criminalization is permissible when freedoms of individuals are subject to damage. In this regard, the scope of individual freedoms in criminal law is broader, it will be closer and more compatible with existentialist demands and vice versa, limitation and narrowing individual freedoms and extreme and maximum criminalization will be in contrast to criminal approach of existentialism.
Ashkan Naeimi
Abstract
The significant point regarding the proof of non-sexual hudud (pandering, qadhf, wine drinking, theft, muharebeh, insulting the prophet Muhammad, magic, and irtidad) is whether two confessions are required or merely one confession is sufficient? Is there a general rule regarding the above hudud, or the ...
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The significant point regarding the proof of non-sexual hudud (pandering, qadhf, wine drinking, theft, muharebeh, insulting the prophet Muhammad, magic, and irtidad) is whether two confessions are required or merely one confession is sufficient? Is there a general rule regarding the above hudud, or the rules vary from one hadd to another? This argument can be presented in two aspects: general evidence for all the hudud, and particular evidence for each one of the hudud. In general evidence, apart from Al-dar’ (the prevention rule), there is no valid reason that necessitates two confessions or suffices one confession. Al-dar’ can also be useful in case of doubt and if there is no evidence to remove doubts. The particular evidence is also not valid for the above cases, yet there are some traditions with respect to theft that if their reputation can make up for their lack of validity, then two confessions are required. Thus, it is possible to resort to priority analogy in those hudud that are severe than theft, but if the above reasoning is not accepted, it is not possible to act accordingly. Finally, most fuqahā's fatwas imply that there must be two confessions and one confession cannot be sufficient in removing the doubts and Al-dar’ rule necessitates two confessions in all the mentioned hudud.
Alireza Taghipoor; Fatemeh Mottaghi
Abstract
Authority and freedom are two subjects always in contrast to each other. Governments strive to enhance their authorities to control people by emphasis on following the rules, yet people try to improve their freedom with different methods. When laws are considered unfair and employing legal ways do not ...
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Authority and freedom are two subjects always in contrast to each other. Governments strive to enhance their authorities to control people by emphasis on following the rules, yet people try to improve their freedom with different methods. When laws are considered unfair and employing legal ways do not lead to modify them, folks disobey them deliberately, consciously and non-violently by civil disobedience to show the necessity of modifying them. Although this act is kind of violation of law, its way to breaking the law differs from other usual offenders. Albeit, this is impossible to ignore their punishment. Civil disobedience originally distinguishes from revolution, rebellion, and armed disobedience based on acceptance of punishment from disobedient. Although, with regard to moral motivation of disobedience and his/her ideal aim based on establishment of justified law, their punishments are able to suspension or mitigation and in some circumstances are able to amnesty or remission.
Abstract
The gradual development of regional criminal justice with an emphasis on African Court of Justice and Human RightsPursuit some African heads of states and claims of selective justice International Criminal Court caused deep dissatisfaction with the African Union. Union positions and some African countries ...
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The gradual development of regional criminal justice with an emphasis on African Court of Justice and Human RightsPursuit some African heads of states and claims of selective justice International Criminal Court caused deep dissatisfaction with the African Union. Union positions and some African countries in the form of withdrawal of the proposed International Criminal Court, and finally in 2014 established the African Court of Justice and Human Rights Malabo protocols were followed. African Court Protocol has not entered into force because of Malabo has not yet started.This article about the protest Africa to the administration of justice of the International Criminal Court and efforts to realize the criminal justice area and thereby jurisdiction African Court of Justice and Human Rights and challenge the immunity of heads of protocol Malabo and cooperation enshrined in the Rome Statute (1998) will be analyzed.KeywordsAfrican Union, African Court of Justice and Human Rights, regional criminal justice, International Criminal Court, Immunity
Arsalan Ashrafi; Amir Iravanian; Mahdi Hooshyar
Abstract
AbstractAlthough one of the requirements of the implementation of the Merida Convention is the criminalization of "bribery in the private sector", the Iranian legislature has not yet considered this issue and there is no clear approach in the judicial process in this regard. From the point of view ...
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AbstractAlthough one of the requirements of the implementation of the Merida Convention is the criminalization of "bribery in the private sector", the Iranian legislature has not yet considered this issue and there is no clear approach in the judicial process in this regard. From the point of view of international instruments and comparative law today, there is no doubt that bribery in the private sphere, as well as doing it in the public sphere, can be a manifestation of financial and administrative corruption that should be specifically criminalized and punished. However, in Iranian law, the question is what is the nature of paying and receiving bribes in the private sector. And, what is the reaction to it? Findings of the research indicate this: in Iranian criminal law, according to Article 588 of the Criminal Code of 1996, a specific type of private bribery (a receipt of money or property by judges, auditors and experts) has been criminalized. The judicial practice seeks to extend this prohibition to all private sectors responsible for public services in accordance with the principles of the crime and other related provisions. In particular, it seems that the provisions and basis of the "Unanimous Vote of Procedure No. 798 of the General Assembly of the Supreme Court", which has just been issued, have made this possible even more. Because, in this vote, by considering the criterion of "public services" and considering the employees of private banks as "public service agents", the said employees are considered to be subject to Article 598 of the mentioned law. According to this rule and the stipulation of "public service officers" in Article 3 of the Law on Intensification of Punishment for Perpetrators of Embezzlement, Bribery and Fraud, there is no distinction between the mentioned crimes and a single procedure should be established for them. However, jurisprudence cannot compensate for the shortcomings of the legislation in this area. Keywords: Financial and administrative corruption, Public services, Public service agents, Embezzlement, Illegal occupation.
hossein khodayar; rahim nou bahar
Abstract
In some hadith, the execution of prescribed punishments (hodoud) is considered a source of blessing for society. In the traditional view, these hadith bestow sanctity on prescribed punishments, rendering them inflexible. Moreover, other hadith that condemn the cancellation of prescribed punishments have ...
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In some hadith, the execution of prescribed punishments (hodoud) is considered a source of blessing for society. In the traditional view, these hadith bestow sanctity on prescribed punishments, rendering them inflexible. Moreover, other hadith that condemn the cancellation of prescribed punishments have contributed to a rigid interpretation of their legality, leading to their unconditional execution. Taking an analytical-critical approach, this article suggests that the concept of had might in actuality refer to all divine rules and laws of sharia, not merely prescribed punishment. As such, the aforementioned hadith might be suggesting that all divine rules and laws of sharia shall be executed systematically. In this case, the application of these hadith is not limited to prescribed punishments, and no differentiation should be made between discretionary punishments (ta’zirat) and prescribed punishments. The aim of those hadith that condemn the cancellation of prescribed punishments may not be to make them inflexible, but rather to preserve the justice process and to prevent unjustified discrimination in the execution of punishments. It is too far from the wisdom and mercy of the Holy Lawmaker to emphasize implementation of a few specific punishments among all His laws to the exclusion of other laws and non-prescribed punishments.
Najmeh Shahrani karani
Abstract
In line with much criticism that the punishment of imprisonment and reduce damages from this form of punishment, alternatives if imprisonment in different ages and under influence of ideas of different schools came into being and developed. In this article, it is discussed about alternatives to imprisonment ...
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In line with much criticism that the punishment of imprisonment and reduce damages from this form of punishment, alternatives if imprisonment in different ages and under influence of ideas of different schools came into being and developed. In this article, it is discussed about alternatives to imprisonment The sample for this study, female prisoners three provinces of Zanjan, Qom and Markazi provinces in which a total of 130 people have shown, these people were either convicted or accused the verdict was known. Because the sample was limited to prisoners of HmhY questionnaire has been prepared. Then, using the F-test, correlation analysis and surveys variables affecting the use of alternatives to detention is discussed. The results show that 60 percent of prisoners use of alternatives to incarceration highly effective in reducing the harmful effects of proportions cite imprisonment, while NKh between the use of alternatives to the kind of mass incarceration of prisoners, and the gap SabqhDary to return there again. While there is no relationship between these variables with level of education.
mohamad ebrahim shamsnateri; Farhad Sadeghi
Abstract
The intensification of punishment is always one of the most challenging issues of public criminal law. The multiplicity of titles (spiritual, credit) of crime is also no exception to this rule as a factor in the intensification of punishment. Iran's criminal law policy between a person who deals with ...
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The intensification of punishment is always one of the most challenging issues of public criminal law. The multiplicity of titles (spiritual, credit) of crime is also no exception to this rule as a factor in the intensification of punishment. Iran's criminal law policy between a person who deals with a violation of several articles of criminal law with a person who has violated only one criminal code by acting. Article 131 of the Islamic Penal Code has been set up in the form of a multiplicity of offenses punishable by a crime, but has left many challenges. Nevertheless, the author in this research is one of the most important challenges in the field of multiplicity, including: ambiguity and doubt on how to recognize the punishment, the non-enforceability of the punishment and its consequences, how to impose extra punishments, and the boundary between multiplicity and multiplicity of outcome Has been investigated. In this paper, we have tried to provide answers to the questions of lawmaking and interpretation of the law to resolve these ambiguities.
Hosein Mir Mohammad Sadeghi; zeynab laki
Abstract
More behaviors are entering criminal responsibility by approval the law on new offenses. In some forms of criminalization and penalization, the use of various types of criminal referral techniques in identifying the crime, determining punishment, and defining the label and title of criminal, citizens ...
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More behaviors are entering criminal responsibility by approval the law on new offenses. In some forms of criminalization and penalization, the use of various types of criminal referral techniques in identifying the crime, determining punishment, and defining the label and title of criminal, citizens and activists of the judicial system are referred to multiple criminal or non-judicial texts. Awareness to people about how to behave and coexist peacefully are legislative goals that will be undermined by the use of criminal labelling without observing the rules, principles and requirements of the legislation. The fair labeling principle is one of the fundamental principles of criminal intervention, which should always be considered by legislators in the process of constitution in order to determine the title and description of the legislator, in order to transferring the functions of the criminal label and the message of the criminal policy makers in a proportionate and realistic way to contacts. In the present study, in addition to the review of criminal referral conceptual scope as one of the most widely used methods in the process of legislation, this technique is evaluated and analyzed in the light of the fair labeling principle.
